morning Flashcards
definitions of abnormality
statistical infrequency-normal distribution-average IQ set at 100, 68% in range 85-115, only 2% have score below 70.-intellectual disability disorder
-deviation from social norms- antisocial personality disorder=’absence of prosocial(behaviours that promote welfare of others eg kindness) internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful and culturally normative ethical behaviour’.
-S-statistical-example of statistical infrequency used in an assessment tool-beck depression inventory-score of +30 (top 5% of respondents) indicates severe depression.
-s-deviation-schizotypal personality disorder-strange
definitions of abnormality 2
-failure to function adequately-Seligman and Rosenham-proposed additional signs that can be used to determine when someone is not coping-when a person no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules eg maintaining eye contact, when a person experiences severe personal distress, when a persons behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous to themselves/others.
-deviation from ideal mental health-Jahodas criteria-no symptoms or distress, we are rational and can perceive ourselves accurately, we self actualise (strive to reach our potential), we can cope with stress, we have a realistic view of the world, we have good self esteem and lack guilt, we are independent of other people, we can successfully work love and enjoy our leisure.
s-failure-according to mental health charity ‘Mind’-around 25% of people in UK will experience mental health problem in any given year.
depression
dsm-5- major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder,disruptive mood dysregulation disorder(childhood temper tantrums), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (disruption to mood prior to/during menstruation).
-psychomotor agitation-activity levels behaviour.
-beck cognitive theory-faulty information processing, negative self schema, negative triad
-schema-act as a mental framework for the interpretation of sensory information-self schema=package of info about ourselves
-Ellis defined irrational thoughts, not as illogical or unrealistic thoughts, but as any thoughts that interfere with us being happy and free from pain.
s-beck-tracked development 473 adolescents in prospective study-regularly measuring cognitive vulnerability. Found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression.
-treating depression-compared CBT to antidepressant drugs, 81% 81% 86%.
-counterpoint to suitability-Lewis and Lewis concluded CBT was as effective as antidepressant drugs and behavioural therapies for severe depression. Another review by John Taylor et al concluded that when used appropriately CBT is effective for people with learning disabilities.
-l-relapse-depression assessed in 439 clients every month for 12 months following course of CBT, 42% relapsed within 6 months of ending treatment, 53% relapsed within year.
ocd
-10% experience compulsions without obsessions-behavioural characteristics
-Genes-Lewis observed that of his 100 OCD patients, 37% had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD
-candidate genes-create vulnerability for OCD- some of these genes involved in regulating the development of the serotonin system eg 5HT1-D beta is implicated in the transport of serotonin across synapses
-OCD polygenic-not caused by one single gene but combination that together increase vulnerability. Taylor analysed findings of previous studies and found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD-include genes associated with action of dopamine and serotonin-both neurotransmitters thought to have role in regulating mood.
-aetiologically heterogeneous-one group of genes may cause old one person different other. different types of old result of particular genetic variations eg hoarding disorder.
-impaired decision making-abnormal functioning of lateral (side bits) of frontal lobes of brain-frontal lobe responsible for logical thinking and decision making. Also left parahippocampal gyrus associated with processing unpleasant emotions may function abnormally.
treating phobias
s-42 patients examined with arachnophobia-each patient treated using three 45 minute systematic desensitisation sessions. examined 3 and 33 months later, SD group less fearful than control who only taught relaxation techniques no exposure. Theresa Wechsler concluded specific social agoraphobia.
L-flooding-Schumacher found ppts and therapists rated flooding as significantly more stressful than SD
evaluating OCD
genetic explanations-s-twin studies found 68% of identical twins(MZ) shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins (DZ). One family member ocd 4x likely.
-L-environmental risk factors-over half ocd clients in sample had experienced traumatic event in past. also more severe one or more traumas
-parkinsons disease-causes muscle tremors and paralysis.-condition which is biological in origin-ocd symptoms.
OCD drug therapies
-SSRI-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.prevents reabsorption and breakdown-increase serotonin in synapse which continues to stimulate post synaptic neuron.
-Typical daily dose of fluoxetine is 20mg although this may be increased if not benefiting person-capsule or liquid-takes 3-4 months of daily use to have much impact on symptoms.
-used alongside cbt, reduce emotional symptoms-engage
-when ssri not effective after 3-4 months, dose can be increased (up to 60mg a day) or combined or different antidepressant tried
-tricyclics,older, sometimes used eg clomipramine. same effect but more severe side effects-kept in reserve for people who don’t respond ssri
-snri-serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors-more recently been used, different class of antidepressants-also second line of defence-increase serotonin and noradrenaline.
-s-soomro et al-reviewed 17 studies, compared ssri to placebo. all 17 showed significantly better outcomes. typically symptoms reduce for around 70% of people taking ssri, remaining 30% alternative drugs or therapieand drugs combo.
-C-systematic review of outcome studies-concluded both cognitive and behavioural (exposure) therapies more effective than ssri in treatment of ocd.-Skapinakis
-side effects-L-indigestion, blurred vision,loss of sex drive.Clomipramine-side effects more common and serious- eg 1/10 erection problems and weight gain, 1/100 aggressive and experience heart related problems
