morning Flashcards
caregiver infant interactions
alert phases- mothers typically pick up on and respond to their babies alertness around two thirds of time- varies according to skill of mother and external factors eg stress.-from three months interaction becomes increasingly frequent.Mother and baby close attention
interactional synchrony-‘the temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour’- Meltzoff and Moore observed beginnings of interactional synchrony in babies as young as 2 weeks. One of three facial expressions or one of three distinctive gestures.filmed and labelled. babies expressions and gestures more likely to mirror those of adults more than chance would predict.
-Isabella et al-30 mothers and babies-degree of synchrony+quality of attachment
Schaffer stages of attachment
asocial-first few weeks. indiscriminate-2-7 months. specific attachment-7 months (primary attachment figure mother in 65% of cases)
Multiple attachments- shortly after specific attachment-secondary attachments-29% children formed secondary attachment within month of forming primary attachment-by 1 year majority of babies had developed multiple attachments.
procedure (not in spec)-60 babies 31 boys 29 girls. All Glasgow-majority skilled working class families. researchers visited every month for first year and then 18 months. Questions to mothers about kind of protests babies showed in 7 everyday situations
Role of the father
3% father was first sole object of attachment, 27% joint first with mothers. 75% formed attachment with father by 18 months-babies protested when father walked away.
-Grossman longitudinal study-until teens
-Field-filmed 4 month old babies-face to face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers-more time smiling, imitation and holding
animal studies of attachment
-lorenz imprinting-first observed when child and neighbour gave him a newly hatched duckling that followed him around.Half eggs hatched in natural environment with mother, half in incubator.Mixed up, continued following Lorenz. Imprinting-bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow first moving object they see. Critical period In which it needs to take place- few hours. Peacock giant tortoise reared in reptile house of zoo sexual imprinting courtship behaviour.
-Harlow rhesus monkeys. Newborns kept alone in bare cage often died but survived if given something soft like a cloth to cuddle. 16 baby monkeys. maternal deprivation studied after to see if it had permanent effect, monkeys reared with plain wire only were most dysfunctional. Cloth also didn’t develop normal social behaviour. These monkeys more aggressive, less sociable, bred less often unskilled at mating, when mothers- they neglected young and some attacked children, even killing sometimes.
-90 day critical period.-after this attachment impossible.
learning theory of attachment
Dollard and Miller
-drive reduction- hunger is primary drive- an innate, biological motivator. We are motivated to eat in order to reduce hunger drive. attachment secondary drive learned through association between caregiver and satisfaction of a primary drive of hunger.
Bowlbys monotropic theory
-Evolutionary explanation-attachment innate system that gives survival advantage-evolved as a mechanism to keep young animals safe by ensuring they stay close to adult caregivers.
-Monotropy-law of continuity-more constant and predictable a Childs care, the better the quality of their attachment
-law of accumulated separation, effects of every separation from the mother add up and ‘safest dose is therefore a zero dose’.
-social releasers and critical period- born with set of innate cute behaviours-smiling cooing gripping-social releasers
-critical period 6 months when infant attachment system active-more sensitive period- child maximally sensitive 6 months possibly extends to 2. If attachment not formed in this time harder to form one later.
s-social releasers-brazelton-observed babies trigger interactions with adults using social releasers. Then instructed primary attachment figure to ignore social releasers. babies increasingly distressed some curled up lay motionless
s-IWM-99 mothers and 1 year old babies C-genetic differences in anxiety and sociability.
Ainsworth Strange situation
-Ainsworth and Bell- aim to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a babies attachment to a caregiver
-behaviours used to judge attachment:-proximity seeking, exploration and secure base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion.
1.baby encouraged to explore 2.stranger comes in 3.caregiver leaves baby and stranger alone. 4. caregiver returns and stranger leaves 5.caregiver leaves baby alone. 6.stranger returns 7.caregiver returns and reunited with baby.
-secure 60-75%. -insecure avoidant-20-25%. -insecure resistant-3%
s-good inter-rater reliability- team of trained observers- Bick- found agreement on attachment type in 94% cases
l-culture bound-japanese study Takahashi- disproportionate number insecure resistant due to high levels of separation anxiety.
Studies of cultural variation
-Van Ijsendoorn and Kroonenbergs research-assess cultural variation, also differences within same country. 32 studies of attachment with strange situation-conducted in 8 countries- 15 in US. 1990 children, data meta-analysed- results combined and analysed and wighted each study for sample size.
-Secure most common- 75% in Britain, 50% China. Individualist cultures insecure resistant similar to Ainsworth original sample, not true for collectivist samples from china Japan Israel. resistant-29% Israel 27% Japan 25% china 3%uk. avoidant 35% Germany 5% Japan. Variations between results of studies in same country 150% greater than between countries. US one study 46% secure compared to 90%.
-Simonelli et al italy- see whether proportions matched those in previous studies.76 babies aged 12 months. 50% secure 36% insecure avoidant. lower secure and higher insecure than many studies previously-mothers long hours professional childcare.
-Korean study-Mi Kyoung Jin et al, 87 babies insecure and secure same as previous studies, insecure mainly resistant, only one baby avoidant.Similar to Japan- quite similar rearing styles.
s-indigenous psychologists-grossman Takahashi (C- Morelli and Tronick outsiders from America when they studied child rearing and patterns of attachment in Efe of Zaire)
L-imposed etic
Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
-critical period- first 2 and a half years for psychological development- psychological damage if deprived during this period, could extend to 5.
-intellectual development (delayed intellectual development) Goldfarb.
-Emotional development (affection less psychopathy) -inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others.
-44 thieves- sample is 44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing-interviewed for signs of affection less psychopathy (lack of: affection, guilt about actions and empathy for victims). Families interviewed for prolonged early separation from mothers. Control group 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed young people.
-14/44 thieves affection less-12/14 had prolonged in first 2 years of life. only 5 of remaining 30 had prolonged. 2/44 in control group prolonged
l-czech twins-severe physical and emotional abuse from 18 months until 7
Romanian Orphan studies
-Rutter-effects of deprivation on emotional and intellectual development.look at effects of institutional care and consequent institutionalisation in Romania in 1990s-Romanian Women 5 children-couldnt afford. Then adopted by British parents.
-165 romanian orphans followed for many years as part of English and Romanian adoptee study.- see extent to which good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions.
-physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed ages 4.6.11.15 and 22-25. Group of 52 children adopted from uk same time control.
-first arrived half intellectual development, majority severely undernourished, at 11 different rates of recovery related to age of adoption. Mean IQ before 6 months 102, 86 between 6 months and 2 years, 77 after 2. ADHD more common 15 and 22-25 year old samples. after 6 months-disinhibited attachment (attention seeking, clinginess, social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults-familiar and unfamiliar.
-Zeanah et al-bucharest early intervention project. Assess attachment 95 Romanian children 12-31 months who spent most life in institutional care (90% average). control group 50 who never lived institution.strange situation. carers asked about unusual social behaviour-clingy attention seeking directed inappropriately at all adults.
-74% control secure, 19% institutional group secure. disinhibited 44% as opposed to less than 20% of controls.
-intellectual disability-effect of institutionalisation-rutters study most of children adopted before 6 months caught up with control group by age 4
influence of early attachment on later relationships
Myron-Wilson and Smith-assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11 from London.
-secure unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure avoidant victims, insecure resistant bullies
-McCArthy studied 40 adult women who had been assess when babies to establish early attachment type- secure=best adult friendships and romantic relationships. Insecure resistant had problems maintaining friendships and avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships.
-99 mothers study Bailey et al-mother baby attachment strange situation, mother mother attachment adult attachment interview-majority had same attachment classification to mothers and babies.
counterpoint- Regensburg longitudinal study followed 43 individuals from 1 year, at 16 attachment assessed using adult attachment interview-no evidence of continuity.
L-attachment assessed retrospectively
role of father acronym
grossman-games
field-first (primary)
staffer and emerson-secondary
