More PTE stuff Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

Define moral evil

A

Evil caused by human actions/choices

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2
Q

Define natural evil

A

Evil from natural events beyond human control

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3
Q

Define hard determinism

A

No free will- all actions the product of previous choices

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4
Q

Define soft determinism

A

We have some free will but are always influenced by external events

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5
Q

Define virtue ethics

A

Developing good character through adopting higher pleasures

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6
Q

Define hedonism

A

Happiness is maximizing pleasure and avoiding any pain

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7
Q

Explain the free will defence

A

It is more loving for God to create us fully free and allow the possibility of evil

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8
Q

Explain the soul making defence

A

Evil has to exist so that humans can develop their souls and become good, moral people.

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9
Q

Explain existentialism

A

A rejection of God, religion and any external constraints. We create our own essence by making choices

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10
Q

Explain genetic determinism

A

Our lives are determined by our DNA. We are programmed by our genes to act in certain ways

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11
Q

Explain the experience machine thought experiment

A

Nozick-we can imagine being plugged into a machine that perfectly mimics an ideal life

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12
Q

Explain the difference between higher and lower pleasures

A

Higher pleasures- uniquely human and self improving
Lower pleasures -short term and can be accessed without intelligence

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13
Q

State 2 attributes of God related to why he would stop suffering

A

Omnipotent-all powerful Omnibenevolent- all loving

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14
Q

State 2 examples of natural evil

A

Genetic diseases Cancer Earthquakes Floods hurricanes

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15
Q

State 2 of the 3 poisons in Buddhism

A

Ignorance Hatred Greed

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16
Q

State 2 impacts of the warrior gene.

A

Makes us more impulsive Less empathetic More violent/ aggressive

17
Q

State 2 parts of the hedonic calculus

A

Intensity, duration, extent, certainty, remoteness, purity, remoteness, richness

18
Q

State 2 examples of higher pleasures

A

Reading, music, worship/religion, philosophy, nature, art…

19
Q

Explain the holocaust and antisemitism

A

The attempted extermination of the Jewish people by the nazi’s in WW2. antisemitism-hatred and mistreatment of the Jewish people

20
Q

Explain the book of Job and its meaning for suffering

A

Job endured great suffering from Satan despite being good, he keeps his faith and God shows him the whole of creation to see how bad can be part of a greater good

21
Q

What is the humanist view of freedom?

A

We are free to create our own lives but must act with responsibility towards others

22
Q

Explain the Islamic view of predestination

A

Allah knows all that will happen, so while we are free, our actions are also known by Allah

23
Q

Explain the Christian path to happiness

A

Happiness is only possible when we follow God and accept his forgiveness

24
Q

Explain the Buddhist path to happiness

A

We must overcome desire and attachment, including to ourselves. The middle way and following the eightfold path

25
Explain with examples, the diaspora
Examples: hostile powers taking over homes, negative rumours, persecution.
26
Explain the Fall from Genesis
God created the world perfect, but people sinned. God stopped them from eating from the tree of life and banished them from the garden, but made a promise to defeat the serpent.
27
Explain the theory of behaviourism using an example
People’s behaviour can be “conditioned” or determined by their environment. For example, the social credit system in China rewards people for certain things and punishes them for others.
28
Explain 2 parts of Freud’s unconscious mind
The super-ego (an internal set of rules we learn from society) The Id (our base impulses and desires)
29
Explain 2 merits of argument we are not fully free
Scientists have measured something called the readiness potential, which may show that simple decisions are made before we are aware Certain genes can affect the way people behave
30
Explain 2 different happy hormones
Dopamine- to encourage us to reach our goals Oxytocin- triggered by social interactions Seratonin- regulates mood levels. Caused by exercise Endorphins- caused by laughing
31
Explain how the covenant influences Jewish people today
They believe that God has promised them a place where they can live (the promised land)
32
Explain the Hindu view of suffering with reference to karma and reincarnation
Your actions affect what happened to you (karma). If you suffer, it means you have bad karma.
33
Explain why women can be less free in society
According to De Beauvoir, women are often forced by society to adopt a stereotypical gender role which limits their freedom.
34
Explain the libet experiment and why it matters
Your conscious brain makes decisions before your mind does. You decide things, but this always follows the necessary brain activity.
35
Explain the view that we can choose to be happy
Happiness is a mindset that can be controlled. This means that we can choose to be happy by reflecting on our mindset and seeking ways of boosting our happy hormones.
36
Explain why Nordic countries are so happy
Generous parental leave, childbirth is cheap, free healthcare, hygge (the art of creating a nice atmosphere), wealth isn’t important to happiness.