More Medical Term Flashcards
kidneys
Two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity behind the parietal peritoneum. Their function is to remove waste products from the blodd and to aid in maintaining water and electrolyte balance
nephron
urine-producing microscopic structure. Approximately 1 million nephrons are located in each kidney.
glomerulus (pl. glomeruli)
cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. the process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here.
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the kidney
hilum
indentation on the medial side of the kindy where the ureter leaves the kidney
ureters
two slender tubes, approxiamtely 10 to 13 inches long, that receive the urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder
urinary bladder
muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine. As it fills, the thick, muscular wall becomes thinner, and the organ increases in size.
urethra
lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urinary meatus
opening through which the urine passes to the outside
cysto, vesic/o
bladder, sac
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus (opening)
nephr/o, ren/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
albumin/o
albumin
azot/o
urea, nitrogen
blast/o
developing cell, germ cell
glyc/o, glycos/o
sugar
hydr/o
water
lith/o
stone, calculus
noct/i
night
olig/o
scanty, few
son/o
sound
tom/o
cut, section
urin/o, ur/o
urine, urinary tract
-gram
record, radiographic image
-iasis, -esis
condition
-lysis
loosening, dissolution, separating
-megaly
enlargement
-ptosis
drooping, sagging, prolapse
-rrhaphy
suturing, repairing
-tripsy
surgical crushing
-trophy
nourishment, development
-uria
urine, urination
hydronephrosis
abnormal condition of water in the kidney
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
nephroblastoma
kidney tumor containing developing cells
nephrohypertrophy
excessive development (increase in size) of the kidney
nephrolithiasis
condition of stones in the kidney
nephroma
tumor of the kidney
nephromegaly
enlargement of the kidney
nephroptosis
drooping kidney
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
ureteritis
inflammation of the ureter
ureterocele
protrusion of a ureter (distally into the bladder)
ureterolithiasis
condition of stones in the ureters
ureterostenosis
narrowing of the ureter
urethrocystitis
inflammation of the urethra and the bladder
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged
renal calculus
stone in the kidney
renal failure
loss of kidney function resulting in its inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain electrolyte balance
renal hypertension
elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
urinary suppression
sudden stoppage of urine formation
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract
cystectomy
excision of the bladder
cystolithotomy
incision of the bladder to remove a stone
cystostomy
creating an artifical opening into the bladder
cystorrhaphy
suturing the bladder
cystotomy, vesicotomy
incision of the bladder
lithotripsy
surgical crushing of a stone
meatotomy
incision of the meatus (to enlarge it)
nephrectomy
excision of the kidney
nephrolithotomy
incision of the kidney to remove a stone
nephrolithotripsy
surgical crushing of a stone in the kidney
nephrolysis
separating the kidney (from other body structures)
nephropexy
surgical fixation of the kidney
nephrostomy
creation of an artifical opening into the kidney
pyelolithotomy
incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
ureterostomy
creation of an artifical opening into the ureter
ureterectomy
excision of a ureter
urethroplasty
surgical repair of the urethra
vesicourethral suspension
suspension pertaining to the bladder and urethra
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
a noninvasive treatment for removal of kidney stone or ureteral stone. By using ultrasound and fluoroscopic imaging, the stone is positioned at a focal point. Repeated firing of the shock waves renders the stone into fragments that pass from the body in the urine.
fulguration
destruction of living tissue with an electric spark
renal transplant
surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace a nonfunctioning kidney
cystogram
radiographic image of the bladder
cystography
radiographic imaging of the bladder
intravenous urogram (IVU)
radiographic image of the urinary tract
nephrogram
radiographic image of the kidney
nephrography
radiographic imaging of the kidney
nephrosonography
process of recording the kidney using sound (an ultrasound test)
nephrotomogram
sectional radiographic image of the kidney
renogram
(graphic) record of the kidney
retrograde urogram
radiographic image of the urinary tract
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
radiographic imaging of the bladder and the urethra
KUB (Kidney, ureter, bladder)
a simple radiographic image of the abdomen. It is often used to view the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to determine size, shape, and location.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
a blood test that measures the amount of urea in the blood; used to determine kidney function. An increased BUN indicates renal dysfunction
creatinine (cre-AT-i-nin)
a blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. An elevated amount may indicate impaired kidney function.
specific gravity (SG)
a test performed on a urine specimen to measure the concentrating or diluting ability of the kidneys
urinalysis (UA)
multiple routine tests performed on a urine specimen.
albuminuria (al-bu-min-U-re-a)
albumin in the urine (albumin is an important protein in the blood, but when found in the urine, it indicates a kidney problem)
anuria (an-U-re-a)
absence of urine (failure for kidneys to produce urine
diuresis (di-u-RE-sis)
condition of urine passing through (increased amount of urine)
dysuria (dis-U-re-a)
difficult or painful urination
glycosuria (gli-ko-SU-re-a)
sugar (glucose) in the urine
hematuria (hem-a-TU-re-a)
blood in the urine
meatal (me-A-tal)
pertaining to the meatus
nephrologist (ne-FROL-o-jist)
a physician who studies and treats diseases of the kidney
nephrology (ne-FROL-o-je)
study of the kidney (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the kidney)
nocturia (nok-TU-re-a)
night urination
oliguria (ol-i-GU-re-a)
scanty urine (amount)
polyuria (pol-e-U-re-a)
much (excessive) urine
pyuria (pi-U-re-a)
pus in the urine
urinary (u-rin-ar-e)
pertaining to urine
urologist (u-ROL-o-jist)
a physician who studies and treats diseases of the urinary tract
urology
study of the urinary tract
catheter
flexible, tubelike, device, such as a urinary catheter, for withdrawing or instilling fluids
distended
stretched out (bladder is distended when filled with urine)
enuresis (en-u-RE-sis)
involuntary urination
hemodialysis (HD)
procedure for removing impurities from the blood because of an inability of the kidneys to do so.
incontinence
inability to control bladder and/or bowels
micturate (MIK-tu-rat)
to urinate or void
peritoneal dialysis (par-i-to-NE-al di-AL-i-sis)
procedure for removing toxic wastes when the kidney is unable to do so.
stricture (STRIK-chur)
abnormal narrowing, such as a urethral stricture
urinal
receptacle for urine
urinary catheterization
passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder to withdraw urine
urodynamics (u-ro-di-NAM-iks)
pertaining to the force and flow of urine within the urinary tract
void
to empty or evacuate waster material, especially urine
ARF
acute renal failure
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
cath
catheterization, catheter
CRF
chronic renal failure
ESRD
end-stage renal failure
ESWL
extracorpeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD
hemodialysis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
IVU
intravenous urogram
OAB
overactive bladder
SG
specific gravity
UA
urinalysis
UTI
urinary tract infection
VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
periosteum
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
cancellous (spongy) bone
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bones
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
diaphysis
shaft of the long bones
epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)
end of each long bone
bone marrow
material found in the cavities of the bones
red marrow
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formaiton
yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
maxilla
upper jaw bone
mandible
lower jaw bone
vertebral column
made up of bones called vertebrae (pl) or vertebra (singular) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord
cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
first set of seven bones, froming the neck
thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pair of ribs to form the outward curve of the spin.
lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
third set of five larger vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the spine
sacrum
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
lamina (pl. laminae)
part of the vertebral arch
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion process
extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
sternum
breastbone
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum
humerus
upper arm bone
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
olecranon process
projection at the upper end of the ulnathat forms the the bony point of the elbow
carpal bones
wrist bones
metacarpal bones
hand bones
phalanges (sing. phalanx)
finger and toe bones
pelvic bone, hip bone
made up of three bones fused together
ischium
lower rear portion on which one sits
ilium
upper, wing-shaped part on each side
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvic bone
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
femur
upper leg bone
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
patella (pl. patellae)
kneecap
tarsal bones
ankle bones
calcaneus
heel bone
metatarsal bones
foot bones
articular cartilage
smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities
bursa (pl. bursae)
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of the joint or the other
ligament
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
skeletal muscles (also known as striated muscles)
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also called voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.
smooth muscles (also known as unstriated muscles)
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily
cardiac muscle (known as myocardium)
forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat
abduction (ab-DUK-shun)
moving away from the midline
adduction (ad-DUK-shun)
moving toward the midline
inversion (in-VER-zhun)
turning inward
eversion (e-VER-zhun)
turning outward
extension (ek-STEN-shun)
movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
flexion
movement in which the limb is bent
pronation
movement that turns the palm down
supination
movement tha turns the palm up
rotation
turning around its own axis
carp/o
carpals (wrist bone)
clavic/o, clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
cost/o
rib
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (upper leg bone)
fibul/o
fibula (lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
lumb/o
loin, lumbar region of the spine
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxil/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis, pelvic bone
phalang/o
phalanges (finger or toe bones)
pub/o
pubis
rachi/o
spine/vertebral column
radi/o
radius (lower arm bone)
sacr/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
tars/o
tarsals (ankle bone)
tibi/o
tibia (lower leg bone)
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
aponeur/o
aponeurosis
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa (cavity)
chondr/o
cartilage
disk/o
intervertebral disk
menisc/o
meniscus (crescent)
synovi/o
synovia, synovial membrane
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
ankyl/o
crooked, stiff, bent
kinesi/o
movement, motion
kyph/o
hump (increased convexity of the spine)
lamin/o
lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
lord/o
bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)
myel/o (also means spinal cord)
bone marrow
my/o, myos/o
muscle
oste/o
bone
petr/o
stone
scoli/o
crooked, curved
inter-
between
supra-
above
sym-, syn-
together, jointed
-asthenia
weakness
-clasia, clasis, -clast
break
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
-physis
growth
-schisis
split, fissure
ankylosis (ang-ki-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of stiffness
arthritis (ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of a joint
bursitis (ber-SI-tis)
inflammation of the bursa
chondromalacia (kon-dro-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the cartilage
cranioschisis (kra-ne-OS-ki-sis)
fissure of the skull (congenital)
diskitis (dis-KI-tis)
inflammation of the an intervertebral disk (also called discitis)
fibromyalgia (fi-bro-mi-AL-ja)
pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles
kyphosis (ki-FO-sis)
abnormal condition of a hump (also called humpback or hunchback)
lordosis (lor-DO-sis)
abnormal condition of bending forward (also called swayback)
maxillitis (mak-si-LI-tis)
inflammation of the maxilla
meniscitis (men-i-SI-tis)
inflammation of the meniscus
myasthenia (mi-as-THE-ne-a)
muscle weakness
myeloma (mi-e-LO-ma)
tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
osteitis (os-te-I-tis)
inflammation of the bone
osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and joint
osteochondritis (os-te-o-kon-DRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and cartilage
osteofibroma (os-te-o-fi-BRO-ma)
tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)
osteomalacia (os-te-o-ma-LA-sha)
softening of bones
osteomyelitis (os-te-o-mi-e-LI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
osteopenia (os-te-o-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused bu inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)
osteopetrosis (os-te-o-pe-TRO-sis)
abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marble like bones caused by increased formation of bone)
osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the bone
polymyositis (pol-e-mi-o-SI-tis)
inflammation of many muscles
rachischisis (ra-KIS-ki-sis)
fissure of the vertebral column (also called spinal bifida)
rhabdomyolysis (rab-do-mi-OL-i-sis)
dissolution of striated muscle (severity can vary can be caused trauma, extreme exertion and drug toxicity)
sarcopenia (sar-ko-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of connective tissue
scoliosis (sko-le-O-sis)
abnormal condition of (lateral) curved spine
spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the vertebral joints
spondylosis (spon-di-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of the vertebra
synoviosarcoma (si-no-ve-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
tendinitis (ten-di-NI-tis)
inflammation of a tendon (also spelt tendonitis)
tenosynovitis (ten-o-sin-o-VI-tis)
inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane
ankylosing spondylitis (ang-ki-LO-sing spon-di-LI-tis)
form of arthirits that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend to the spine (also called strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatiod spondylitis)
bunion (BUN-yun)
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand
Colles fracture (KOL-ez)
a type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.
exostosis (ek-sos-TO-sis)
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)
fracture (fx)
broken bone
gout
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis
herniated disk
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protude through it, putting pressure of the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
lyme disease
an infection caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. May include rash and flu like symptoms.
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscles and weakness
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
osteoporosis (os-te-o-po-RO-sis)
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is wither congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.
spondylolisthesis (spon-di-lo-lis-THE-sis)
forward slipping of one vertebra over another
aponeurorrhaphy (ap-o-nu-ROR-a-fe)
suture of an aponeurosis
arthrocentesis (ar-thro-sen-TE-sis)
surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
arthroclasia (ar-thro-KLA-zha)
surgical breaking of a stiff joint
arthrodesis (ar-thro-DE-sis)
surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)
arthroplasty (AR-thro-plas-te)
surgical repair of a joint
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
carpectomy (kar-PEK-to-me)
excision of a carpal bone
chondrectomy (kon-DREK-to-me)
excision of a cartilage
Total hip replacement arthroplasty (THA)
replacement of the hip joint with a metallic femoral head and a plastic coated acetabulum
Birmingham hip resurfacing
used for younger active patients. removal of a few millimeters of bone from the femoral head instead of the entire femoral head. a metal cap is placed on top of the femur, and smooth metal is placed in the acetabulum.
Total knee joint replacement arthroplasty (TKA)
is designed to replace worn surfaces of the knee joint. Various prostheses are used.
metatarsal arthroplasty
is used to treat deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis or hallux valgus and to treat painful or unstable joints.
chondroplasty (KON-dor-plas-te)
surgical repair of a cartilage
adenoiditis
inflammation of the adenoids
alveolitis
inflammation of the alveolus
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of the lung
bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus
bronchopneumonia
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs (normally caused by infection)
diaphragmatocele (di-a-frag-MAT-o-sel)
Hernia of the diaphragm
Epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
hemothorax
blood in the chest (pleural space)
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) la-ring-go-tra-ke-o-bron-KI-tos
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)
lobar pneumonia
pertianing to the lobes, diseased state of the lung
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the nose and pharynx
pansinusitis
inflammation of the sinus
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
pneumatocele
hernia of the lung
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
pneumonia
diseased state of the lung
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung
pneumothorax
air in the chest (pleural space), which causes collapse of the lung
pulmonary neoplasm
pertaining to the lung, new growth (tumor)
pyothorax
pus in the chest
rhinitis
inflammation of the nose
rhinomycosis
abnormal condition of fungus in the nose
rhinorrhagia
rapid flow of blood from the nose
thoracalgia
pain in the chest
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
tracheitis
inflammation of the trachea
tracheostenosis
narrowing of the trachea
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury
asthma
respiratory disease chracterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which is caused by constriction of airways that is reversible between attacks
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a progressive lung disease that resticts the air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two main compnents of COPD
coccidiodomycosis
fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body
cor pulmonale
serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders, such as emphysema
croup
condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx
cystic fibrosis
hereditary disorder of exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
deviated septum
one part of the nasal cavity is smalller because of malformation or injury of the nasal cavity
emphysema
stretching of the lung tissuecaused by the alveoli becoming distended and losing elasticity
epistaxis
nosebleed
influenza
highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus
legionnaire disease
a lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium legionella pneuophila
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to absenceof breathing; can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure
Pertussis
Highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop (also called whooping cough)
pleural effusion
fluid in the pleural space caused by a disease process or trauma
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles
pulmonary embolism (PE)
matter forgein to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number.
Tuberculosis
an infectious disease, caused by an acid-fast bacillus, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs
upper respiratory infection (URI)
infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx (commonly called a cold)
Adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
adenotome
surgical instrument used to cut the adenoids
bronchoplasty
surgical repair of a bronchus
laryngectomy
excision of the larynx
laryngoplasty
surgical repair of the larynx
laryngostomy
creation of an artifical opening into the larynx
laryngotracheotomy
incision of the larynx and trachea
lobectomy
excision of a lobe (of the lung)
pleuropexy
surgical fixation of the pleura
pneumobronchotomy
incision of lung and bronchus
pneumonectomy
excision of a lung
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
septoplasty
incision into the nasal septum
sinusotomy
incision of a sinus
thoracocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity
thoracotomy
incision in the chest cavity
tonsillectomy
excision of the tonsils
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the trachea
tracheostomy
creation of an artifical opening into the trachea
tracheotomy
incision of the trachea
bronchoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi
bronchoscopy
visual examination of the bronchi
endoscope
instrument used for visual examination within
endoscopic
pertaining to visual examination within
endoscopy
visual examination within
laryngoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the larynx
capnometer
instrument used to measure carbon dioxide
oximeter
instrument used to measure oxygen
spirometer
instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volume)
spriometry
a measurement of breathing (lung volume)
polysomnography (PSG)
process of recording many tests during sleep
chest computed tomography (CT) scan
computerized images of the chest created in sections sliced from front to back. Performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion. Computed tomography is used to visualize other body parts such as the abdomen and the brain.
Chest radiograph (CXR)
a radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)
ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS)
a nuclear medicine precedure performed to diagnose a pulmonary embolism and other conditions
acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear
a test performed on septum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
a test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases present
peak flow meter (PFM)
a portable instrument used to measure how fast air can be pushed out the lung; used to help monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly
pulmonary function test (PFTs)
a group of tests performed to measure breathing and used to determing respiratory function
pulse oximetry
a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the finertip
auscultation
the act of listening for sounds within the body through a stethoscope.
percussion
the act of tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine the density of te part beneath by the sound obtained. The dull sound indicates the presence of fluid in a body space or cavity such as in the pleural space
PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test
a test performed on individuals who have recently been exposed to tuberculosis.
stethoscope
an instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement
acapnia
condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood)
alveolar
pertaining to the alveolus
anoxia
condition of the absence (deficiency) of oxygen
aphonia
condition of absence of voice
apnea
absence of breathing
bronchoalveolar
pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli
bronchospasm
spasmodic contraction in the bronchi
diaphragmatic
pertaining to the diaphragm
dysphonia
condition of difficult speaking (voice)
dyspnea
difficult breathing
endotracheal
pertaining to within the trachea
eupnea
normal breathing
hypercapnia
condition of excess carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hypernea
exessive breathing
hypocapnia
condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hyponea
deficient breathing
hypoxemia
condition of deficient oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
condition of deficient oxyen (to the tissue)
intrapleural
pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)
laryngeal
pertaining to the larynx
laryngospasm
spasmodic contraction of the larynx
mucoid
resembling mucus
mucous
pertaining to mucus
nasopharyngeal
pertaining to the nose and pharynx
orthopnea
able to breathe easier in a straight (upright) position
phrenalgia
pain in the diaphragm
phrenospasm
spasm of the diaphragm
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
pulmonologist
a physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung
pulmnology
study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung)
rhinorrhea
discharge from the nose (as in a cold)
tachypnea
rapid breathing
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
airway
passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed
asphyxia
deprivation of oxygen for tissue usel suffocation
aspirate
to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract
bronchoconstrictor
agent causing narrowing of the bronchi
bronchodilator
agent causing the bronchi to widen
cough
sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
hiccup
sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm
hyperventilation
ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
hypoventilation
ventilation of the lungs that does not fullfill the body’s gas exchange needs
mucopurulent
containing both mucus and pus
mucus
slimy fluid secreted by the mucous membranes
nebulizer
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
nosocomial infection
an infection acquired during hospitalization
paroxysm
periodic, sudden attack
patent
open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi
sputum
muccous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth
ventilator
mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing
ABGs
arterial blood gases
AFB
acid-fast bacilli
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CT
computed tomography
CXR
chest radiograph
flu
influenza
LLL
left lower lobe
LTB
Laryngotracheobronchitis
LUL
Left Upper Lobe
OSA
obstructive sleep disorder
PE
pulmonary embolism
PFM
peak flow meter
PFTs
pulmonary function test
PSG
polysomnography
RLL
Right Lower Lobe
RML
Right Middle Lobe
RUL
Right Upper Lobe
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
Upper respiratory infection
VPS
ventilation-perfussion scanning
Lungs
two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes and the left lung has two.
Pleura
Double folded serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small spave between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid.
Diaphragm
muscular partition that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out.
Mediastinum
space between te lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.
Adenoid/o
Adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus
bronchi/o, bronch/o
bronchus
diaphragmat/o, phren/o
diaphragm
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
lob/o
lobe
nas/o, rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o
lung, air
pulmon/o
lung
sept/o
septum (wall off, fence)
sinus/o
sinus
thorac/o
thorax (chest)
tonsill/o
tonsil
atel/o
imperfect, incomplete
capn/o
carbon dioxide
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
muc/o
mucus
orth/o
straight
ox/i, ox/o
oxygen
phon/o
sound, voice
py/o
pus
somn/o
sleep
spir/o
breathe, breathing
a-, an-
absence of, without
endo-
within
eu-
normal, good
pan-
all, total
poly-
many, much
tachy-
fast, rapid
-algia
pain
-ar, -ary, -eal
pertaining to
-cele
hernia or protrusion
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle)
-ectasis
stretching out, dilatation, expansion
-emia
blood condition
-graphy
process of recording, radiographic
-meter
insturment used to measure
-metry
measurement
-pexy
surgical fixation, suspension
-pnea
breathing
-rrhagia
rapid flow of blood
-scope
insturment used for visual examination
-scopic
pertianing to visual examination
-scopy
visual examination
-spasm
sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
-stenosis
constriction or narrowing
-stomy
creation of an artifical opening
-thorax
chest
-tomy
cut into or incision
-algia, -dynia
pain
-cele
hernia (protrusion of all or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that contains it)
-ectasia
dilatation (dilation, enlargement) or streching of a structure or part
-ectasis
dilatation (dilation, enlargement) or streching of a structure or part
-edema
swelling
-emesis
vomiting
-emia
condition of the blood
-ia, -iasis
condition
-itis
inflamation
-lith
stone or calculus
-malacia
soft, softening
-mania
excessive preoccuption
-megaly
enlargement
-oid (forms adjectives and nouns)
resembling
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition (often an abnormal condition; sometimes an increase)
-pathy
disease
-penia
deficiency
-phobia
abnormal fear
-ptosis
prolapse (sagging)
-rrhage
excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
-rrhagia
excessive bleeding or hemorrhage
-rrhea
flow or discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-spasm
twitching, cramp
-stasis
stopping, controlling
amyl/o
starch
glyc/o
sugar
hemat/o
blood
lact/o
milk
lip/o
fat
lith/o
stone
micro-
small
muc/o
mucus
prote/o, protein/o
protein
pyr/o
fire
mono-,uni-
one
bi-, di-
two
tri-
three
quad-, quadri-, tetra-
four
centi-
one hundred or one hundreth
milli-
one thousandth
diplo-
double
hemi- semi-
half, partly
hyper-
excessive, more than normal
hypo-
beneath or below normal
multi-, poly-
many
nulli-
none
pan-
all
primi-
first
super-, ultra-
excesive
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
ante-, pre-
before in time or in place
circum-, peri-
around
dia-
through
ecto-, ex-
out, without
exo-, extra-
away from
en-, endo-, end-
inside
epi-
above, on
hypo-, infra-, sub-
beneath, under
inter-
between
intra-
within
meso-, mid-
middle
para-
near, beside, or abnormal
per-
through or by
post-
after, behind
retro-
behind, backward
super-, supra-
above, beyond
sym-, syn-
joined, together
trans-
across
ante-, pre-, pro-
before
post
after or behind
macro-, mega-, megalo-
large or great
micro-
small
a-, an-
no, not, without
in-
not or inside
anti-, contra-
against
brady-
slow
dys
bad, difficult
eu-
good, normal
mal-
bad
pro-
favoring, supporting
tachy-
fast
alb/o, albin/o, leuk/o
white
cyt/o
cell
gen/o
beginning, origin, produced by or in producing or forming
gram/o
to record, a record, instrument for recording, process of recording
kinesi/o
movement
leps/o
seizure
lys/o
destruction, dissolving
malac/o
soft, softening
megal/o
large or enlarged
metr/o
measure, uterine tissue
path/o
diesase
phag/o
eat, ingest
schis/o, schiz/o, schist/o
split, cleft
scler/o
hard, hardening
scop/o
to examine, to view, instrument used for viewing
troph/o
nutrition
aer/o
air
blast/o
embryonic form
cancer/o, carcin/o
cancer
cephal/o
head
cry/o
cold
crypt/o
hidden
dips/o
thirst
electr/o
electricity
fibr/o
fiber
hist/o
tissue
myc/o
fungus
narc/o
stupor
necr/o
dead
optic/o, opt/o
visison
pharmac/o
drugs, medicine
phon/o
voice
phot/o
light
py/o
pus
therm/o
heat
top/o
position, place
trache/o
trachea
ossicles
bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations.
labyrinth (inner ear)
bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull. It contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule.
cochle/o
cochlea
eustachian tube
connects the middle ear and the pharynx.
semicircular canals and vestibule
contains receptors and endolymph that help the body maintain its sense of balance
aur/i, aur/o, ot/o
ear
external ear auricle (pinna)
external structure located on both sides of the head. The auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory canal.
audi/o
hearing
otomastoiditis (o-to-mas-toyd-I-tis)
inflammation of the ear and the mastoid bone
labyrinthitis (lab-i-rin-THI-tis)
inflammation of the labyrinth (inner ear, also called vestibular neuritis)
mastoiditis (mas-toyd-I-tis)
inflammation of the mastoid bone
myringitis (mir-in-JI-tis)
inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
cochlea
is snail-shaped and contains the organ of hearing. The cochlea connects to the oval window in the middle ear.
labyrinth/o
labyrinth (inner ear)
mastoid boane and cells
located in the skull bone behind the external auditory canal
mastoid/o
mastoid bone
otalgia (o-TAL-ja)
pain in the ear
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
semitransparent membrane that seperates the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity. It transmitts sound vibrationsto the ossicles
external auditory canal (meatus)
short tube that ends at the tympanic membrane. The inner part lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains the glands that secrete earwax
staped/o
stapes (middle ear bone)
myring/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
tympan/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum), middle ear
vestibul/o
vestibule
otomycosis (o-to-mi-KO-sis)
abnormal condition of fungus in the ear
otopyorrhea (o-to-pi-o-RE-a)
discharge of pus from the ear
otorrhea (o-to-RE-a)
discharge from the ear
otosclerosis (o-to-skle-RO-sis)
hardening of the ear
acoustic neuroma (a-KOOS-tik nu-RO-ma)
benign tumor within the internal auditory canal growing from the acoustic nerve may cause hearing loss and may damage stuctures of the cerrebellum as it grows
ceruminome (se-roo-mi-NO-ma)
tumor of a gland that secretes earwax
cholesteatoma (ko-le-ste-a-TO-ma)
cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol occuring in the middle ear, may be associated with chronic otitis media
Meniere disease (me-NYAR di-ZEZ)
chronic disease of the inner ear characterizid by a sensation of spinning motion (vertigo), ringing in the ear, aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss; symptoms are related to a change in volume or composition of fluid withing the labyrinth
otitis externa (o-TI-tis eks-TER-na)
inflammation of the outer ear
otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear (also called tympanitis)
presbycusis (prez-bi-KU-sis)
hearing impairment in old age
tinnitus (tin-NI-tus)
ringing in the ear
vertigo (VER-ti-go)
a sense that either ones own body or the enviroment is revolving ; may indicate inner ear disease
cochlear implant (KOK-le-ar IM-plant)
pertaining to the cochlea implant
labyrinthectomy (lab-i-rin-THEK-to-me)
excision of the labryinth
mastoidectomy (mas-toy-DEK-to-me)
excision of the mastoid bone
mastoidotomy (mas-toy-DOT-o-me)
incision into the mastoid bone
myringoplasty (mi-RING-go-plas-te)
surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
myringotomy (mir-ing-GOT-o-me)
incision into the tympanic membrane (also called tympanocentesis)
stapedectomy (sta-pe-DEK-to-me)
excision of the stapes
tympanoplasty (TIM-pa-no-plas-te)
surgical repair of the middle ear
audiogram
graphic record of hearing
audiometer
instrument used to measure hearing
audiometry
measurement of hearing
electrocochleography (e-lek-tro-kok-le-OG-ra-fe)
process of recording the electrical activity in the cochlea
otoscope (O-to-skop)
instrument used for visual examination of the ear
otoscopy (o-TOS-ko-pe)
visual examination of the ear
tympanometer (tim-pa-NOM-e-ter)
instrument used to measure middle ear
tympanometry (tim-pa-NOM-e-tre)
measurement of the tympanic membrane
audiologist (aw-de-OL-o-jist)
one who studies and specializes in hearing
audiology (aw-de-OL-o-je)
study of hearing
aural (AW-rul)
pertaining to the ear
cochlear (KOK-le-ar)
pertaining to the cochlea
otologist (o-TOL-o-jist)
physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear
otology (o-TOL-o- je)
study of the ear
otorhinolaryngologist (o-to-ri-no-lar-ing-GOL-o-jist)
physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear, nose, and larynx also called otolaryngologist
vestibular (ves-TIB-u-lar)
pertaining to the vestibule
vestibulocochlear (ves-tib-u-lo-KOK-le-ar)
pertaining to the vestibule and the cochlea
AOM
acute otitis media
EENT
eyes, ears, nose, and throat
ENT
ears, nose, throat
OM
otitis media
sclera
outer protective layer of the eye; the portion seen on the anterior portion of the eyeball is referred to as the white of eye
cornea
transparent anterior part of the sclera, which is anterior to aqueous humor and lies over the iris. It allows the light rays to enter the eye
choroid
middle layer of the eye, which in interlaced with many blood vessels that supple nutrient to the eyes
iris
the pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of ligh entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil
pupil
opening in the center of the iris
lens
lies directly behind the pupil; its function is to focus and bend light
retina
innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors
aqueous humor
watery liquid found in teh anterior cavity of the eye. It providdes nourishment to nearby structures and maintains shape in the anterior part of the eye
vitreous humor
jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
meibomian glands
oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of th eyelids that help lubricate the eye
lacrimal glands and ducts
produce and drain tears
optic nerves
carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain
conjunctiva
mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior portion of the sclera
blephar/o
eyelid
cor/o, core/o, pupil/o
pupil
corne/o, kerat/o
cornea
dacry/o, lacrim/o
tear, tear duct
ir/o, irid/o
iris
ocul/o, ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
vision
phac/o, phak/o
lens
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera
cry/o
cold
dipl/o
two, double
is/o
equal
phot/o
light
ton/o
tension, pressure
bi-, bin-
two
-opia
vision (condition)
-phobia
abnormal fear of or aversion to specific things
-plegia
paralysis
aphakia (a-FA-ka-a)
condition of without a lens
blepharitis (blef-a-RI-tis)
inflammation of the eyelid
blepharoptosis (blef-ar-op-TO-sis)
drooping of the eyelid
conjunctivits (kon-junk-ti-VI-tis)
inflammation of the conjunctiva
dacryocystitis (dak- re-o-sis-TI-tis)
inflammation of the tear
diplopia (di-PLO-pe-a)
double vision
endophthalmitis (en-dof-thal-MI-tis)
inflammation of the eye
iridoplegia (ir-i-do-PLE-ja)
paralysis of the iris
iritis (i-RI-tis)
inflammation of the iris
keratitis (ker-a-TI-tis)
inflammation for the cornea
keratomalacia (ker-a-to-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the cornea
leukocoria (lu-ko-KO-re-a)
condition of a white pupil
oculomycosis (ok-u-lo-mi-KO-sis)
abnormal condition of the eye caused by a fungus
ophthalmalgia (of-thal-MAL-ja)
pain in the eye
ophthalmoplegia (of-thal-mo-PLE-ja)
paralysis of the eye
phacomalacia (fak-o-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the lens
photophobia (fo-to-FO-be-a)
abnormal fear of light
retinoblastoma (ret-i-no-blas-TO-ma)
tumor arising from a developing retinal cell
retinopathy (ret-i-NOP-a-the)
disease of the retina (any noninflammatory)
sclerokeratitis (skler-o-ker-a-TI-tis)
inflammation of the sclera and the cornea
scleromalacia (skler-o-malacia)
softening of the sclera
xerophthalmia (zer-of-THAL-me-a)
condition of dry eye
amblyopia (am-ble-O-pe-a)
reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse associated with strabismus, unequal refractive errors, or otherwise impaired vision (also called lazy eye)
astigmatism (Ast)
defective curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye.
cataract
clouding of the lens of the eye
chalazion (ka-LA-ze-on)
obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid (also called meibomian cyst)
detached retina
separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye
glaucoma (glaw-KO-ma)
eye disorder characterized by optic nerve damage usually caused by abnormal increase of intraocular pressure (IOP). If not treated it will lead to blindness
hyperopia (hi-per-O-pe-a)
farsightedness
macular degeneration
a progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called the macula lutea, resulting in loss of central vision
myopia (mi-O-pe-a)
nearsightedness
nyctalopia (nik-ta-LO-pe-a)
poor vision at night or in faint light (also called night blindness)
nystagmus (nis-TAG-mus)
involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes
pinguecula (ping-GWEH-ku-la)
yellowish mass on the conjunctiva that may be related to exposure to ultraviolet light, dry climates, and dust. A pinguecula that spreads onto the cornea becomes a pterygium
presbyopia (pres-be-O-pe-a)
impaired vision as a result of aging
pterygium (te-RIJ-e-um)
thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjuctiva, usually caused from sun exposure
retinitis pigmentosa (ret-i-NI-tis pig-men-TO-sa)
hereditary, progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes
strabismus (stra-BIZ-mus)
abnormal condition of squint or crossed eyes caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same point
sty (sti)
infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (also spelled stye and also called hordeolum)
blepharoplasty (BLEF-a-ro-plas-te)
surgical repair of the eyelid
cryoretinopexy (kri-o-RE-tin-o-pek-se)
surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold (carbon dioxide)
dacryocystorhinostomy (dak-re-o-sis-to-ri-NOS-to-me)
creation of an artificial opening between the tear (lacrimal) sac and the nose (to restore drainage into the nose when the nasolacrimal duct is obstructed or obliterated)
dacryocystotomy (dak-re-o-sis-TOT-o-me)
incision of the tear (lacrimal) sac
iridectomy (ir-i-DEK-to-me)
excision of the iris
iridotomy (ir-i-DOT-o-me)
incision of the iris
keratoplasty (KER-a-to-plas-te)
surgical repair of the cornea (corneal transplant)
sclerotomy (skle-ROT-o-me)
incision of the sclera
enucleation (e-nu-kle-A-shun)
surgical removal of the eyeball (also the removal of any organ that comes out clean and whole)
LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
a laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia.
phacoemulsification (PHACO) (fa-ko-e-mul-si-fi-KA-shun)
method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated
PRK (photorefractive keratectomy) (fo-to-re-FRAK-tiv ker-a-TEK-to-me)
a procedure for the treatment of nearsightedness in which an Excimer laser is used to reshape the corneal surface by removing a portion of the cornea
retinal photocoagulation (RET-in-al fo-to-ko-ag-u-LA-shun)
an intense beam of light from a laser condenses retinal tissue to seal leaking blood vessels, to destroy abnormal tissue or lesions, or to bond the retina to the back of the eye.
scleral buckling (SKLER-al BUK-ling)
a procedure to repair a detached retina. A strip of sclera is resected, or a fold is made in the slera. An exoplant is used to hold and buckle the sclera
trabeculectomy (tra-bek-u-LEK-to-me)
surgical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular pressure (used to treat glaucoma)
vitrectomy (vi-TREK-to-me)
surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor
fluorescein angiography (flo-RES-en an-je-OG-ra-fe)
digital process of recording blood vessels
keratometer (ker-a-TOM-e-ter)
instrument used to measure (the curvature of) the cornea (used for fitting contact lenses)
ophthalmoscope (of-THAL-mo-skop)
instrument used for visual examination of the interior of the eye
ophthalmoscopy (of-thal-MOS-ko-pe)
visual examination of the eye
optometry (op-TOM-e-tre)
measurement of vision
pupillometer (pu-pil-OM-e-ter)
instrument used to measure the diameter of the pupil
pupilliscope
instrument used for visual examination of the pupil
retinoscopy (ret-i-NOS-ko-pe)
visual examination of the retina
tonometer (to-NOM-e-ter)
instrument used to measure pressure within the eye (used to diagnose glaucoma)
tonometry (to-NOM-e-tre)
measurement of pressure within the eye
anisocoria (an-i-so-KOR-e-a)
condition of absence of equal pupil
binocular (bin-OK-u-lar)
pertaining to two or both eyes
corneal (KOR-ne-al)
pertaining to the cornea
intraocular (in-tra-OK-u-lar)
pertaining to within the eye
isocoria (i-so-KOR-e-a)
condition of equal pupil
lacrimal (LAK-ri-mal)
pertaining to tears
nasolacrimal (na-zo-LAK-ri-mal)
pertaining to the nose and tear ducts
ophthalmic (of-THAL-mik)
pertaining to the eye
ophthalmologist (of-thal-MOL-o-jist)
physician who studies and treats diseases of the eye
ophthalmology (Ophth) (of-thal-MOL-o-je)
study of the eye
ophthalmopathy (of-thal-MOP-a-the)
any disease of the eye
optic
pertaining to vision
pseudophakia (soo-do-FA-ke-a)
condition of false lens
pupillary (pu-pi-lar-e)
pertaining to the pupil
reinal (RET-i-nal)
pertaining to the retina
emmetropia (em-e-TRO-pe-a)
normal refractive condition of the eye
intraocular lens
an artifical lens implanted within the eye during cataract surgery
miotic (mi-OT-ik)
agent that constricts the pupil
mydriatic (mid-re-AT-ik)
agent that dilates the pupil
optician (op-TISH-in)
a specialist who fills prescriptions for lenses
optometrist (op-TOM-e-trist)
a health professional who prescribes corrective lenses
visual acuity
sharpness of vision for either distance or near
ARMD
age related macular degeneration
ast
astigmatism
Em
emmetropia (em-e-TRO-pe-a)
IOL
intraocular lens
IOP
intraocular pressure
Ophth
ophthalmology
PHACO
phacoemulsification
VA
visual acuity
Anatomy of Nervous System
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, which carry impulses between the brain and neck and head, and spinal nerves, which carry messages between the spinal cord and abdomen, limbs and chest.
Function of Nervous System
The nervous system forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities. As a whole, the nervous system is designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory information, and send directions to muscle or glands in response. This system also provides for mental activities such as thought, memory and emotions.
brain
contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities
cerebrum
largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscle, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum
ventricles
spaces within the brain that contain fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.
cerebellum
located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balancee (also called hindbrain)
brainstem
stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. 10 of the 12 cranial nerves orginate in the brainstem.
pons
literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem
medulla oblongata
located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains the centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determning blood pressure
midbrain
most superior portion of the brainstem
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear, odorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients and clears metabolic waste.
spinal cord
passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain
meninges
three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
tough outer layer of the meninges
arachnoid
delicate middle layer of the meninges. It is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space.
pia mater
thin inner layer of the meninges
nerve
cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
ganglion (pl. ganglia)
group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system
glia
specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. they do not conduct impulses. three types of glia are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)
neuron
a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum, brain
