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General Biology 2 > More History of Life Stuff! > Flashcards

More History of Life Stuff! Flashcards

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1
Q

When did modern humans first appear?

A

100-150 kya

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2
Q

_______ are pieces of evidence of organisms that lived in the past.

A

Fossils

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3
Q

What are the types of fossils?

A

Preserved Remains
Trace Fossils
Cast Fossils
Mold Fossils
Petrified Fossils
Carbon Film

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4
Q

A type of fossil where an impression or negative image of an organism is made in a substance and is then preserved. Example: shells

A

Molds

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5
Q

A type of fossils that forms when a mold is filled in by minerals from sediments and groundwater. Example: bones and teeth

A

Casts

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6
Q

A type of fossil that forms when an organic material is converted into stone. Example: coal balls and fossilized trees

A

Petrified

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7
Q

A type of fossil that forms when remains are preserved wholly. Example: mosquitos in amber, and Wooly Mammoth from the Siberian Ice

A

Original Remains

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8
Q

A type of fossil that forms when a carbon impression of an organism is made in sedimentary rocks. Example: leaf impressions on rocks

A

Carbon Films

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9
Q

A type of fossil that records the movement and behaviors of organisms. Example: trackways, tooth marks, gizzard rocks, coprolites (fossilized dungs), burrows and nest

A

Traces/Ichnofossils

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10
Q

The Six Ways of Fossilization

A

Unaltered Preservation
Permineralization/Petrification
Replacement
Carbonization/Coalification
Recrystallization
Authigenic Preservation

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11
Q

A way of fossilization: a small organism or part is trapped in amber, which is a hardened plant sap

A

Unaltered Preservation

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12
Q

A way of fossilization: the organic contents of bone and wood are replaced with silica, calcite, or pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil

A

Permineralization/Petrification

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13
Q

A way of fossilization: hard parts are dissolved and replaced by other minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or iron

A

Replacement

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14
Q

A way of fossilization: the other elements are removed and only the carbon remains

A

Carbonization/Coalification

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15
Q

A way of fossilization: hard parts are converted to more stable minerals, or small crystals turn into larger crystals

A

Recrystallization

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16
Q

A way of fossilization: molds and casts are formed after most of the organism have been destroyed or dissolved

A

Authigenic Preservation

17
Q

What are the two ways of dating fossils?

A

Relative Dating and Absolute Dating

18
Q

This type of dating fossils does not tell the exact age; it compares a fossil as older or younger in context with other fossils depending on their position in the rock layer/s.

A

Relative Dating

19
Q

This type of dating fossils tell the exact age of fossils using radioactive isotopes such as Carbon-14 and Potassium-40 with the their respective half-lives used as reference.

A

Absolute Dating

20
Q

What are the rules of relative Dating (only the ones discussed by Niko-sensei)

A

what the fuck

Law of Superposition
Law of Original Horizontality
Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

21
Q

A rule of relative dating: when sedimentary rock layers are deposited, younger layers lay on top of older deposits

A

Law of Superposition

22
Q

A rule of relative dating: sedimentary rock layers are deposited horizontally. If they are tilted, folded, or broken, it means that it happened earlier.

A

Law of Original Horizontality

23
Q

A rule of relative dating: if igneous intrusions or a fault cuts through existing rocks, the intrusion/ fault is YOUNGER than the rock it cuts through.

A

Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

24
Q

How did the first living cells appear?

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules.
  2. joining of these small molecules into macromolecules
  3. packaging of these molecules intro protocells
  4. formation of the origin of self-replicating molecules
25
Q

They proposed that life was abiotically synthesized from simpler molecules by lightning and UV radiation. Primitive Soup.

A

Alexander Oparin and John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis, 1920s)

26
Q

Tested the hypothesis of abiotic synthesis using a simulation of early Earth conditions.

A

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (Miller-Urey Experiment, 1953)

27
Q

One of the two vents in which the origin of life was probably formed.

A

White Smokers

28
Q

The oldest known fossils are _____________ from Archaean rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5 billion years old.

A

Cyanobacteria

General Biology 2 (3 decks)

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