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Cardiology > More > Flashcards

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1
Q

Diagnosis of accelerated hypertension

A

Severe hypertension - associated grade 2-3 retinopathy

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2
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

Severe hypertension associate with grade 4 retinopathy - therefore papilloedema

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3
Q

Reducing BP in severe hypertension

A 
Maximum by 20% in first hour 
Use continuous infusion of short-acing titratable anti-hypertensive with constant arterial monitoring
- sodium nitroprusside 
- glyceryl trinitrate 
- labetalol
- hydralazine
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4
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate contraindication medication

A

Tadalafil - used for erectile dysfunction
Also sildenafil and vardenafil

Cause circulatory collapse and severe hypotension

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5
Q

Onion skimming on microscopy

A

Accelerated hypertension

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6
Q

Aschoff nodule on microscopy

A

Myocarditis

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7
Q

4 signs of haemodynamic compromise in arrhythmias

A

Heart failure

Blood pressure 150bpm

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8
Q

Infective endocarditis vasculitis test

A

Urine dip for microscopic haematuria due to vasculitis

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9
Q

Pulsus alternans

A

Heart failure

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10
Q

What is an atrial myxoma

A

Benign tumour that grows in the atrial wall/septum

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11
Q

Where do majority of atrial myxomas occur?

A

In the left atrium

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12
Q

What can atrial myxomas lead to/be linked with?

A

Atrial fibrillation and tricuspid stenosis

Can also lead to obstruction, pulmonary embolism, peripheral emboli

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13
Q

Prevalence of atrial myxoma

A

More common in women
1 in 10 are familial - familial myxoma - often occur in more than one location in the heart at one time and give symptoms younger

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14
Q

What do signs and symptoms of atrial myxoma resemble?

A

Mitral stenosis - pulmonary oedema symptoms, breathlessness, faintness

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15
Q

Rate of atrial flutter

A

Atrial fate of 300 per min and ventricular rate of 150 per min - 2:1 heart block as atria conducts every 2nd beat

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16
Q

Reversal of atrial flutter

A

Vagal manoeuvres, IV adenosine or chemical cardioversion

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17
Q

What increases the risk of digoxin toxicity when treating AF

A

Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypercalcaemia - therefore do a baseline investigation before initiating treatment

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18
Q

Prognosis of Chronic AF in a diseased heart

A

Doesn’t usually return to sinus rhythm

19
Q

3rd heart sound

A

dilated cardiomyopathy (left ventricular failure), MR and constrictive pericarditis

20
Q

Words to remember RBBB and LBBB

A

WiLLiaM MaRRoW

21
Q

Which BBB is never normal

A

LBBB

22
Q

Can wenckebach phenomenon normal?

A

Yes

23
Q

Can RBBB be normal?

A

Yes

24
Q

Can LBBB be normal?

A

No

25
Q

Can 1st degree AV block be normal?

A

Yes

26
Q

Signs of ongoing acute MI vs past MI

A

Hyperacute T waves during acute MI whereas invert after 24hrs
Pathological Q waves develop after several hours to days

27
Q

Driving post angioplasty and pacemaker insertion

A

1 week

28
Q

Driving post ACS

A

4 weeks unless successfully treated with angioplasty (1 week)

29
Q

Driving post CABG

A

4 weeks

30
Q

Arrythmia catheter ablation and driving

A

2 days

31
Q

Pulse in PDA

A

large volume, bounding collapsing pulse

32
Q

Closure of PDA

A

Indomethacin

33
Q

Signs of PDA

A

Subclavicular thrill
Heaving apex beat
Wide pulse pressure

34
Q

Most common cause of death post MI

A

Cardiac arrest due to VF

35
Q

What type of MI is more commonly associated with AV block

A

Inferior MI

36
Q

Murmur in coarctation of aorta

A

mid systolic murmur

Loudest over back

37
Q

PR depression

A

Pericarditis

38
Q

Signs of LV hypertrophy on ECG

A 
Deep S wave in v1-2
Tall R wave in V5-6 
Left axis deviation 
LBBB
Inverted T waves in I, AvL and V5-6
39
Q

What are Stokes Adams attacks

A

Syncope caused by ventricular asystole eg. in heart block

40
Q

Broad bifid p wave

A

p mitrale - mitral valve regurge causing left atria enlargement

41
Q

Tall p wave

A

right atria hypertrophy due to triscupid regurge

42
Q

QRS concordance with broad complex tachycardia

A

Ventricular tachycardia

43
Q

Fixed splitting of second heart sound

A

Atrial septal defect

Cardiology (9 decks)

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