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Question 1

What neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction?

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions like heartbeat and digestion?

Answer 2

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

What structure insulates nerve fibres and speeds transmission of nerve impulses?

Answer 3

Myelin sheath

Question 4

On a neuron, what is the gap between adjacent myelin sheaths called?

Answer 4

Node of Ranvier

Question 5

Type of neuron that transmits information from the CNS to effector organ?

Answer 5

Efferent neuron

Question 6

What cell type in the brain is 50 times more abundant than neurons?

Answer 6

Glial cells

Question 7

What is the specialised synapse called between an α-motor neuron and a muscle fibre?

Answer 7

Neuromuscular junction

Question 8

What fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 8

Cerebral spinal fluid

Question 9

The hypothalamus is connected to which endocrine gland?

Answer 9

Pituitary gland

Question 10

Antidiuretic hormone is secreted via the anterior or posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 10

Posterior

Question 11

A peripheral endocrine gland that secretes the hormones T3 and T4?

Answer 11

Thyroid gland

Question 12

What is the main entrainment cue or zeitgeber for the human circadian rhythm?

Answer 12

Light

Question 13

What region of the brain synchronises the body’s circadian rhythms?

Answer 13

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 14

What circadian hormone increases during the night?

Answer 14

Melatonin

Question 15

Cell type that lines the interior surface of blood vessels?

Answer 15

Endothelial cells

Question 16

What is the largest artery in the body?

Answer 16

The aorta

Question 17

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs called?

Answer 17

Alveoli

Question 18

What is the main muscle involved in breathing?

Answer 18

Diaphragm

Question 19

What is the upper chamber in the heart that receives blood from the veins?

Answer 19

Atrium

Question 20

Which part of the brain regulates breathing?

Answer 20

Medulla oblongata

Question 21

What structure in the heart prevents backflow of blood?

Answer 21

Valves

Question 22

What structure in the heart electrically isolates the atrium from the ventricles?

Answer 22

Fibrous skeleton

Question 23

What is the heart’s natural pacemaker called?

Answer 23

SA node

Question 24

What term describes the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute?

Answer 24

Cardiac output

Question 25

What is the name of the membrane that allows the lungs to expand smoothly in the chest cavity?

Answer 25

Pleura

Question 26

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

Answer 26

Nephron

Question 27

What part of the nephron is responsible for filtering the blood?

Answer 27

Glomerulus

Question 28

What part of the nephron where most sodium reabsorption takes place?

Answer 28

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 29

What is the name of the hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Answer 29

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 30

What part of the nephron produces a hyperosmotic renal medulla?

Answer 30

Loop of Henle

Question 31

What hormone stimulates the kidney to reabsorb calcium?

Answer 31

Parathyroid hormone

Question 32

What hormone produced by the adrenal glands regulates blood pressure?

Answer 32

Aldosterone

Question 33

What enzyme in saliva begins the digestion of carbohydrates?

Answer 33

Amylase

Question 34

What organ produces bile?

Answer 34

Liver

Question 35

What part of the digestive system is responsible for the most nutrient absorption?

Answer 35

Small intestine

Question 36

What are the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area called?

Answer 36

Villi

Question 37

What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?

Answer 37

Pepsin

Question 38

What enzyme breaks down fat?

Answer 38

Lipase

Question 39

What hormone stimulates the release of stomach acid?

Answer 39

Gastrin

Question 40

What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of the digestive tract?

Answer 40

Peristalsis

Question 41

Which type of cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

Answer 41

Parietal cells

Question 42

What is the name of the partially digested food in the stomach?

Answer 42

Chyme

Question 43

What substance neutralises stomach acid?

Answer 43

Bicarbonate

Question 44

The Haversian system is found in which structure?

Answer 44

Bone

Question 45

What cell is responsible for bone resorption?

Answer 45

Osteoclast

Question 46

Which cell secretes RANK-ligand?

Answer 46

Osteoblast

Question 47

What crystal structure is found in bone?

Answer 47

Hydroxyapatite

Question 48

What is the name of the mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue?

Answer 48

Osteocytes

Question 49

What protein makes up the organic part of the bone matrix?

Answer 49

Collagen

Question 50

What is the precursor cell for osteocytes?

Answer 50

Monocytes

Question 51

Ca 2+ is taken back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by which structure?

Answer 51

SERCA pumps

Question 52

Actin, Troponin, and Tropomyosin are the proteins that these filaments are made of…

Answer 52

Thin filaments

Question 53

Myosin is the protein that these filaments are made of…

Answer 53

Thick filaments

Question 54

What is the process that describes the attachment of myosin with actin within the muscle cell?

Answer 54

Cross bridge cycle

Question 55

What is the name of the main contractile unit of a muscle fibre in the skeletal muscle?

Answer 55

Sarcomere

Question 56

What is the name of the fibrillar network of collagen that covers the tendon unit?

Answer 56

Epitenon

Question 57

Muscles rapidly obtain phosphate groups from…

Answer 57

Creatine Phosphate

Question 58

Name the structures that convert depolarisation into action potential propagation away from the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 58

Voltage-gated Na channels

Question 59

Name the structure that allows for rapid depolarization of the muscle membrane deep within muscle fiber cells.

Answer 59

T tubules

Question 60

What type of white blood cell is the first responder to bacterial infection?

Answer 60

Neutrophil

Question 61

What type of white blood cell produces antibodies?

Answer 61

B-cells

Question 62

What type of cells activates other immune cells by releasing cytokines?

Answer 62

Helper T-cells

Question 63

What is the primary site of lymphocytes in the body?

Answer 63

Bone marrow