Morbid Anatony Intro Flashcards
The study of pathology started about
200-300yrs ago
List the steps of processing in histopathology accordingly
Collection
Fixation
Documentation/labeling
Grossing
Dehydration
Clearing
Wax infiltration
Embedding
Blocking out
Sectioning
Staining
List the three histopathologic processes
Surgical pathology
Cytopathology
Forensic pathology and autopsy
Explain surgical pathology
It is that aspect where tissues removed from operated patients are subjected to processing and microscopic examination. It is done through paraffin wax embedding technique. Paraffin helps to solidify the tissue for processing.
is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help diagnose a disease and determine a treatment plan.
Explain Cytopathology
is a diagnostic technique that examines cells that have been exfoliated (shed), scraped from the body or aspirated with a fine needle. Cell specimens are processed into slides and examined microscopically for the diagnosis of cancer, precancerous conditions, benign tumors and some infectious conditions.
Collection of cells. It is the study of individual cells.
Explain forensic pathology and autopsy
The systemic examination of the remains of the person to determine the extent of a particular diagnosis, effect of treatment and presence of unrecognizable elements that could have contributed to the demise of the patient.
perform autopsies to determine the presence or absence of disease, injury or poisoning; to evaluate historical and law-enforcement investigative information relating to manner of death; to collect medical evidence, such as trace evidence and secretions, to document …
What is another name for forensic pathology and autopsy?
Post Mortem examination
Types of autopsy
Clinical autopsy
Medico legal autopsy
Another name for clinical autopsy
Hospital based autopsy
Another name for medico legal autopsy
Coroner’s autopsy
3 reasons why the law is interested in the causes of death:
To prevent secret homocide
To assist the state in prevention of accidental death
To facilitate accurate registration for the cause of death for epistemological purposes
What is biopsy?
Obtaining specimens/tissues
What are the three types of biopsy?
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy
Needle biopsy
What technique is used during emergency
Frozen section technique
What is the embedding medium of frozen section technique
Ice
What other solution is used other than formalin
Bouin solution
Carnoy’s solution
What are diseases?
Any variation from the normal range. Alterations of the normal function, structure and biochemical alteration of processes including injuries to the cell, tissues and entire organs in the organism.
Pathology is derived from two Greek words
‘Pathos’ suffering
‘Logos’ study
This study of gross appearance of tissues and microscopic changes is confined by;
Light/Electron microscope
Auxiliary procedures that support light/electron microscope
Histochemistry
Immunity histochemistry (IHC)
Use of frozen section technique
Used intraoperatively for emergency situations
Perll Prussian blue is used to stain for
Iron
What stain is used for tuberculous baseilli (TB)
Zel Nelson stain
What stain is used to check for the presence of fat in tissues
Sudan four
Congo red is used to stain for
Amiloid substance
What stain is used to check for melanine
Masson fontana
Explain incisional biopsy
If only a portion of the tumor is removed, the procedure is referred to as an incisional biopsy. When a small piece of the lesion (tissue) is removed.
Explain excisional biopsy
When the entire tumor is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy.
An excisional biopsy, also called a wide local incision, involves surgical removal of a tumor and some normal tissue around it. It can be corrected/ therapeutic.
Explain needle biopsy
The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
Which is faster between cytopathology and surgical pathology
Cytopathology
What are the different cytology cal methods of recovering cells
Exfoliative cytology
Abbresive cytology
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Explain exfoliative cytology
Exfoliative cytology is a branch of cytology in which the cells that a pathologist examines are either “shed” by your body naturally from the surface of your tissue.
Explain abressive cytology
This method encompasses cells that are dislodged by various tools from the body surfaces like skin, mucous membranes or serous membrane.
Explain Fine Needle aspiration
Cells are obtained by Aspiration under negative pressure through a thin gauge needle;22 gauge or a smaller size needle. Any organ or tissue can be sampled by fine Needle aspiration.
Example of exfoliative cytology
CSF, scrotum, urine, pleural and peritoneal effusion
Examples of abressive cytology
Cervical smear (Pap smear)- used to sample cells from the cervix
Endoscopic brushing of mucosal surface of the GIT (Balloon method)
Examples of fine needle aspiration
Superficial lumps like thyroid mass, breast lump, abdominal masses, prostate can be accessed using fine needle aspiration
Reasons for medicolegal autopsy
- all accidental deaths including road accidents domestic and industrial deaths.
- all cases of sudden and unexpected deaths
- all homicide
- all cases of suicide
- all death from abortion
- manslaughter
- all cases of poisoning
- all death in prison or in police custody
- all persons who are certified death on arrival to the hospital or those that die within 24hrs of admission
Who is the father of atoupsy
Karl Rokitansky.
He has been reported to perform about 30,000 autopsies
Difference between clinical and medical autopsies
Medico legal- the consent of the relation is not required for autopsy
Clinical- the consent of relatives is required
Medico legal- confidential. Only magistrate, police and court
Clinical- not confidential
Medico legal-doctors cannot issue death certificate unless there is clearance from the coroner
Clinical- death certificate can be issued without clearance
