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moral philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

generality in moral theories

A

universal theory with general validity

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2
Q

specificity within moral theories

A

suiting manifold of experiences and specific situations –> concrete, adaptable

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3
Q

cardinal virtues

A

courage
justice
prudence
temperance

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4
Q

plato virtue theory

A

virtue = knowledge
have general knowledge of what is good

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5
Q

plato bad actions

A

consequence of a lack of knowledge of what is good, not a desire for what is bad

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6
Q

3 parts of soul

A

philosopher kings - reason - wisdom
soldiers - spirit - courage
civilians - appetite - temperament

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7
Q

plato - when is someone virtuous?

A

soul should keep balance over the virtues, wisdom rules over courage and temperament and keeps them in line.
virtue = right order of the soul
master virtue = justice

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8
Q

Aristotle - teleology

A

everything aims towards something, in the end everything aims towards eudaimonia (living a good live)

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9
Q

Aristotle - human good

A

activity of the soul in accordance with virtue (in according with best and most complete)

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10
Q

Aristotle virtue

A

Golden mean = every virtue is a condition intermediate between two extremes
Not just sensing the right mean, it has a strong rationality and is closely linked to a stable and virtuous character

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11
Q

Examples of golden means

A

pleasure pain: insensible - temperate - self-undulgent
shame: shy - modest - shameless
can change within different situations

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12
Q

intellectual virtues aristotle

A

reasoning part of the soul
theoretical (wisdom, episteme, nous), practical (phronesis), productive (techne)

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13
Q

ethical virtues aristotle

A

part of the soul that is able to follow reason,
courage, temperance, modesty, truthfulness

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14
Q

Traits of character Aristotle

A

virtuous action is defined by the state of the agent: choice is based on stable character, agent knows what he is doing and what he is doing this for.

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15
Q

Anscombe modern moral philosophy

A

gap that needs to be filled by an account of human nature, human action, the type of characteristic a virtue is and most importantly: human flourishing

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16
Q

Nussbaum - capability approach

A

non-relative virtues. Virtue is a good way for reacting properly within a certain situation.
Capability approach: moral system in which everyone is able to develop the same capabilities

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17
Q

John Doris - virtue ethics

A

We have no robust character traits and therefore should not focus on character, but on the circumstances.
Focus on the features of the environment that impact behavioral outcomes

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18
Q

Kant - deontology

A

what ought we to do?
what is morally forbidden? - constraints
NOT aimed towards happiness, but how we can act according to the moral law.
Priority of the right (not of the Good)
Not about consequences, only about the actions themselves

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19
Q

agent relativity

A

reason with reference to the agent: ‘I have an overriding moral reason not to kill anyone myself - even if it saved many people’

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20
Q

agent neutrality

A

reason of reference to the agent + element of universality
‘I have reason to contribute to the aim of minimizing the killing of innocents’

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21
Q

Kant - happiness

A

Glückswürdigkeit vs. Glückseligkeit
are we worthy to be happy? instead of whether we are happy to not.
Hopefully this overlaps

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22
Q

Kant - duty

A

necessity of an action from respect for the law
Perfect: strict, narrow, violation provokes moral blaim
Imperfect: exceptions in favor of inclinations, wide and with latitude, >moral credit
Can act in conformity with duty and acting from duty –> second is moral action

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23
Q

Categorical imperative

A
  1. I ought never to conduct myself except so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law
  2. act so that you use humanity as much in your own person as in the person of every other, always at the same time as end and never merely as means
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24
Q

Kant - human dignity

A

source of human dignity is its status as a universal legislator.
Autonomy is the capacity of being governed by self-imposed laws

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25
Q

Kant - lying

A

lying is the ‘greatest violation of a human being’s duty to himself regarded merely as moral being’
There is no right to lie, always a moral wrong.
Leads to contradiction when put into the categorical imperative

26
Q

H. Varden - deontology

A

In completely corrupted system, duties might change a little. Still, moral costs, so you still have to live with the consequences of moral blame.

27
Q

Act-utilitarianism

A

moral rightness of an action depends only on its consequences

28
Q

Rule-utilitarianism

A

Moral rightness of an act depends on the rule behind the act, whereas the moral rule is justified by guaranteeing the highest benefit

29
Q

consequentialism

A

moral rightness of something depends only on the consequences

30
Q

agent-utilitarianism

A

the evaluation of the consequences does not depend on the perspective of the observer (impartiality)

31
Q

Bentham - utilitarianism

A

greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong
Happiness = the sum of pleasure and pain
Principle of utility = calculus of happiness

32
Q

Bentham - why utilitarianism

A

There is always pleasure and pain involved in our actions, so irrational to not take this into account.
Only measure we have for morality

33
Q

Principle of utility

A

action that is confirmable to this principle (to increase happiness of those involved) is ought to be done

34
Q

Criticism - utilitarianism

A

Is there room for interests of a minority
Is there any room for altruism?
Animals involved as well?
–> should also take into account the people involved (are they able to do the certain action) + often don’t know the consequences of our actions

35
Q

Criticism - Deontology

A

No joy

36
Q

Criticism - Virtue theory

A

no stable character

37
Q

Mill - liberalism & utilitarianism

A

Qualitative hedonism: we give higher values to certain pleasures
Human nature: desire of perfection and sympathy for fellow human beings, beyond self-interest
Maximize pleasure, minimize pain

38
Q

Peter singer’s shallow pond

A

Chil drowning in small pond, not saving it because of personal reasons
Condemn this person, because of this, but at the same time we are all doing this all the time
We still have a moral obligation to save the child far away, although he is not next to us

39
Q

Social contract theory - Hobbes

A

Negative state of nature, where humans will create a fight of all againsst all
We should give freedom in order to have authority of a sovereign

40
Q

Social contract theory - Rousseau

A

amour de soi –> amour de propre
Within state of nature, it was good

41
Q

Social contract theory - Rawls

A

Contract into more of a moral theory
Original position, behind a veil of ignorance, where parties do not know their real position.
Creates impartiality

42
Q

Rawls - principles

A

liberty principle: equally provided with liberties
Difference principle: fair distribution of income and wealth, least of group should benefit most
Liberty principle is superior to difference principle

43
Q

Gauthier - justification morality

A

We are ready to accept constraints, since it is in our overall interest and we need cooperation. So we comply to some rules for overall interest
Quite a negative view, only for our future best interests
Universal rational bargain

44
Q

Thomas Scanlon - moral rightness

A

Moral wrongness is something not being justifiable based on reason.
Right thing to do is something everyone could reasonably agree on

45
Q

Thomas Scanlon - principle of non-aggregation

A

aggregation: have to save the most
non-aggregation: not about the counting lives or happiness, but about tossing a coin, since this is the most fair since everyone can reasonably agree on this.
Everyone has the same chance, minorities are not ignored.
Desire to justify oneself towards others is based on desire to be respected.

46
Q

Scanlon versus Rawls

A

Scanlon wants full knowledge instead of veil of ignorance, so actions can be justified on grounds that cannot be reasonably rejected.
Veil of ignorance can help with finding principles no one can reject.

47
Q

Nietzsche - morality

A

dangers of morals: a poison, at the expense of the future
Necessity of a fundamental critique of moral values: re-evaluation of all values
system of morality goes against nature and against reason, systems of morals are only a sign-language of the emotions

48
Q

Nietzsche - Herrenmoral

A

Good (noble) versus bad (despicable/ inferior)
Creator of values, artifice and enthusiasm –> devotion with passion.
Active attitude
Will to power

49
Q

Nietzsche - Sklavenmoral

A

Evil (power/ superiority) versus good (patience, diligence, humility)
Dictate of utility, desire for freedom
Attitude of saying no, restrictions, etc.
Being obedient instead of taking power to re-evaluate and create values. Being overruled/ suppressed)

50
Q

Nietzsche - Übermensch

A

will to live > will to power
Whatever we do is based on the will to power, which is based on surviving (evolution)
Super-moral individual: sovereign is really free, competent to promise, instead of breaded to make promises and be obedient

51
Q

Ethical situationism (Fletcher)

A

Reflective morality demands observation of particular situations, rather than fixed adherence to a priori principles
Circumstances alter cases, which means in every situation different things might be right or wrong
Similar to virtue ethics

52
Q

Situationism in moral psychology

A

Social experiments
In certain situations, people might change their moral norms because they are forced, because of the situation they are put in, etc.

53
Q

Jim example

A

offered to kill one person, instead of 20 being killed by the other people.
Difference between active killing and letting die
Involvement?/ responsibility?
Perfect duty of not killing versus principle of utility and saving the most.

54
Q

Moral conflict versus moral dilemma

A

Conflict –> objective conflict between different arguments/ reasons (can often be resolved)
Dilemma –> agent is torn between different options, no moral reasoning can override the other (Daniel Statman) –> e.g. Jim example

55
Q

Heinz Dilemma

A

husband has too little money for drugs, while the druggist makes lots of money from the drugs. Should he let his wife die or break in and steal some of the drug?
Can explain from different theories, but no theory overrides the other

56
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

preconventional morality
1. obedience and punishment orientation
2. individualism and exchange
conventional morality
3. good interpersonal relationships
4. maintaining the social order
Postconventional morality
5. social contract and individual rights
6. universal principles

57
Q

Statman - criteria for moral dilemma’s

A
  1. Agent ought to do A and ought to do B
  2. A and B are incompatible in this situation
  3. A and B both involve doing evil
  4. This evil is serious, ‘dramatic’
  5. There is no moral consideration for one to override the other option
  6. Agent knows conditions 1-5
58
Q

other criteria for moral dilemma

A
  1. agent is required to do each of two (or more) options
  2. the agent can do each of the actions
  3. agent cannot do both or all of the actions
  4. the agent thus seems condemned to moral failure
59
Q

Irresolvability

A

Conflict cannot be solved, neither by compromise or by compensation, or by integration.
No moral consideration for one to override the other
Are alternatives symmetrical and incommensurable?

60
Q

Types of moral dilemmas

A
  1. actions itself involve doing evil
  2. not doing the action involves doing evil
61
Q

Joseph Raz - no options

A

It’s the essence of these dilemmas that those facing them have no morally acceptable options
–> options should be morally unbearable, but there is no option to refrain from the moral game (Daniel Statman)

62
Q

Care ethics

A

sympathy and value of individuals with the relationship
Caring attitude, affects, interests, etc. are important
Agents should perform actions that fulfill interests, with caring actions and activities.
Not a moral ought, but something that we should do in response to relationships with others and in interest of others.
Care, empathy

moral philosophy (1 decks)

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