Moral Flashcards
Yet both regard moral
development as a matter of _________: adopting societal standards for right action
as one’s own.
internalization
In contrast, conscience formation is promoted by a type of discipline called ______, in which an adult
helps the child notice others’ feelings by pointing out the effects of
the child’s misbehavior on others, especially noting their distress and
making clear that the child caused it.
induction
In one study, the more adolescents
reported that their mothers used induction (as opposed to power assertion and love withdrawal), the stronger their _____ ______ —endorsement of moral values (such as fairness,
kindness, and generosity) as central to their self‐concept
moral identity
A technique called ____ _____
involves removing children from the immediate setting—for example, by sending them to
their rooms—until they are ready to act appropriately
time out
. The
cognitive‐developmental approach assumes that individuals,
rather than internalizing existing rules and expectations, develop
morally through ________ —actively attending to and interrelating multiple perspectives on situations in which social conflicts arise and thereby attaining new moral understandings.
construction
As the term ________ _______ suggests, children in this first
stage view rules as handed down by authorities (God, parents, and teachers), as having a
permanent existence, as unchangeable, and as requiring strict obedience.
heteronomous morality
According to Piaget, two factors limit children’s moral understanding: (1) cognitive
immaturity, especially a limited capacity to imagine other perspectives and ______ —the
tendency to view mental phenomena, including rules, as fixed external features of reality;
realism
Cognitive development, gradual release from adult
control, and peer interaction lead children to make the transition to the second stage, ______ __ ______, in which
they no longer view rules as fixed but see them as flexible,
socially agreed‐on principles that can be revised to suit the
will of the majority.
morality of cooperation
Older
children and adolescents move beyond this payback morality to a grasp of the importance
of mutuality of expectations, called _____ _____ —the idea expressed in the Golden
Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
ideal reciprocity
At the _________ _____, morality is externally
controlled. Children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by
their consequences. Behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, those
that lead to rewards as good
preconventional level
At the _______ ________, individuals continue to regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self‐interest. Rather, they believe that
actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive human relationships and
societal order.
conventional level
Individuals at the ________ ______ move
beyond unquestioning support for the laws and rules of their own society. They define
morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.
postconventional level
Researchers taking a domain approach to moral understanding focus on children’s developing capacity to distinguish and coordinate _____ ______, which protect people’s
rights and welfare, from two other types of social rules and expectations: ______ ______,
customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and rituals of social interaction (saying “hello,” “please,” “thank you”); and _____ ___ _____ _____, such as
friends, hairstyle, and leisure activities, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual
moral imperatives
social conventions
matters of personal choice
As these capacities emerge between 12 and 18 months, the first glimmerings of self‐
control appear in the form of _________. Toddlers show clear awareness of caregivers’
wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.
compliance
Researchers often study self‐control by giving children tasks that, like the situations just
mentioned, require ____ ___ ______ —waiting for an appropriate time and place to
engage in a tempting act.
delay of gratification
