Moors, Monks And Magic Flashcards
What was the process of absorbing pagan festivals into Christianity?
Syncretism - “attempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, especially in philosophy or religion”
Easter and Eostre
Christmas and Mithras
What are the 7 sacraments and their 3 categories?
Initiation: Baptism
Confirmation
Eucharist
Service: Marriage
Holy orders
Healing: Penance
Anointing the sickWhat is the name for the “study of the end of days”?
Eschatology
What were the penitentials?
Strict and very specific rules for Anglo-Saxon Christians to abide by
Doesn’t say how closely they were followed
Doesn’t say how common/uncommon these things were
What are the characteristics of Romanesque architecture?
Also known as Norman Heavily inspired by Roman and Eastern architecture Geometric patterns Arches with large supports Structures survived well
What are the characteristics of Gothic architecture?
11th century Inspired by nature Wood or stone cloisters Stained glass as decoration Supports for arches outside so it's no longer cramped
What are the characteristics of parish churches?
Linked to and administrative area
Supported by local people’s tithes
Choir screens - to increase the mystery around the Eucharist
Squints - holes in the choir screen to allow the elite a glimpse of the Eucharist
Altars - often contained relics - closer you are to the alter, the more important you are
Chantry chapels - smaller and built after the Black Death and increase in belief in purgatory
What are the two types of monasticism?
Eremetic - A monk who lives alone and away from the world
Coenobite - Lives away from the world but within a community
Why did monks live the way they did?
Imitating how the apostles lived in the Bible
Attempting to follow Jesus’ instructions
What were the first and second sets of monastic rules?
St Anthony, St Basil, St Pachomius
St Jerome, St Augustine, St Benedict
When was the 4th Lateran Council and what did it mean?
1215
Too many monastic orders so no more were to be set up
Meant that St Francis now had to ask for special permission
Describe the rule of St Augustine?
Became a priest in 291
Eventually became a bishop and lived communally with his clerics
Wrote the rules of his sisters order of nuns - stressed the importance of chastity, charity and concord
Describe the rule of St Benedict?
Written in the 6th century
Widely used across Europe by the 9th century
Rules on sleeping, eating and treating the sick
Chose a cellarer - a wise man chosen to be the father of the brotherhood
What are the other types of ‘monasticism’?
Anchoresses - walled up in a parish church for 20 years
Order of the poor class - 1219 - directions from St Francis but no formal rule
Double houses - monks and nuns live together meaning the nuns no longer needed a priest as the monks could ordain themselves
Who was Bede?
Monk at the abbey of St Peter in Northumbria
Father of British history
Wrote the ecclesiastical history of the English people
Who were the Cluniacs?
Led by Peter the Venerable - defended the order against the Cistercians
Unique structure of mother and daughter houses
1024 - gained the right to only be answerable to the Pope
Who were the Cistercians?
Led by Bernard of Clairvaux - 343 monasteries by the time he died
Disillusioned monks found a new monastery at Citeaux
Characterised by their white robes and austere lifestyle
What were the 5 pillars of the Muslim faith?
Declaration of faith Importance of charity Fasting Pilgrimage Prayer
When was the Islamic empire?
622-750 BC
Describe the characteristics of a Mosque?
Place of study and worship
Rare in Europe in general but more common in Spain
Mohammed’s home was the first mosque
Cathedral of Corboba - converted from a mosque to a cathedral in the 13th century
What happened in the 12th century renaissance?
Gained knowledge from Muslims
Arabic numbers
Geometry - led to a change in architecture and more intricate patterns
What happened when Muslims took over from the Christians in medieval Spain?
Learnt Arabic now but not Latin
Tolerance
Hard to distinguish between Christians and Muslims
Conversions - would benefit most if they converted (20% at first)
Christians had to pay land tax
What happened when Jews invited discussion of their sacred texts?
Led to them being accused of heresy
Christians wanted it burned so Jews would convert to Christianity
What are the characteristics of synagogues?
Segregated worship
Place of learning as well
Repurposed buildings
Mikvehs were underground pools which meant they were easy to find
When were Jews expelled from Western European countries?
Britain 1290 France 13th century Germany 15th century Forced Jews east to Poland Brought back by Oliver Cromwell
What are the two types of dualism?
Absolute - 2 principles are equal, in combat for eternity
Mitigated - unequal powers, good will beat evil
What form of non-conformity involved dualism?
Cathars - most popular form of heresy, believed Catholic Church had betrayed Christ’s message
Pope ordered a crusade on them leading them to settle in France
Describe the Albigensian Crusade
1022-1163: Catharsis declared heretics
1209-1229: Crusade begins
1244: Dominican inquisitors began crusade
1295: Semi-Cathar revival
1310: Inquisition in full force - Catharsis burned
15th century: Survived in Italy
Give some examples of non-conformity?
Knights Templar - 1119-1312 - accused of sodomy and disbanded
Bogamils - lived in poverty - wandering group - predecessors to the Cathars
Dualism - God vs Devil - absolute and mitigated
Cathars - based on dualism - most popular heresy
Lollards- popular religious movement - term eventually applied to all heretics
What were the responses to heresy?
The inquisition and Friars
Describe the inquisition
1204 Ordered by the pope Form of legal process Church members were often inquisitors Torture allowed but had to be restricted
Describe the response to heresy in the form of the Friars
Dominican branch formed by St Dominic in 1216
Franciscan branch formed by St Francis in 1209
Poverty and preaching
New form of monasticism
