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Part 1 History > Moors, Monks And Magic > Flashcards

Moors, Monks And Magic Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the process of absorbing pagan festivals into Christianity?

A

Syncretism - “attempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, especially in philosophy or religion”
Easter and Eostre
Christmas and Mithras

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2
Q

What are the 7 sacraments and their 3 categories?

A 
Initiation: Baptism
                 Confirmation
                 Eucharist 
Service: Marriage
               Holy orders
Healing: Penance
                Anointing the sick
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3
Q

What is the name for the “study of the end of days”?

A

Eschatology

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4
Q

What were the penitentials?

A

Strict and very specific rules for Anglo-Saxon Christians to abide by
Doesn’t say how closely they were followed
Doesn’t say how common/uncommon these things were

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Romanesque architecture?

A 
Also known as Norman
Heavily inspired by Roman and Eastern architecture
Geometric patterns
Arches with large supports
Structures survived well
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Gothic architecture?

A 
11th century
Inspired by nature
Wood or stone cloisters
Stained glass as decoration
Supports for arches outside so it's no longer cramped
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of parish churches?

A

Linked to and administrative area
Supported by local people’s tithes
Choir screens - to increase the mystery around the Eucharist
Squints - holes in the choir screen to allow the elite a glimpse of the Eucharist
Altars - often contained relics - closer you are to the alter, the more important you are
Chantry chapels - smaller and built after the Black Death and increase in belief in purgatory

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8
Q

What are the two types of monasticism?

A

Eremetic - A monk who lives alone and away from the world

Coenobite - Lives away from the world but within a community

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9
Q

Why did monks live the way they did?

A

Imitating how the apostles lived in the Bible

Attempting to follow Jesus’ instructions

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10
Q

What were the first and second sets of monastic rules?

A

St Anthony, St Basil, St Pachomius

St Jerome, St Augustine, St Benedict

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11
Q

When was the 4th Lateran Council and what did it mean?

A

1215
Too many monastic orders so no more were to be set up
Meant that St Francis now had to ask for special permission

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12
Q

Describe the rule of St Augustine?

A

Became a priest in 291
Eventually became a bishop and lived communally with his clerics
Wrote the rules of his sisters order of nuns - stressed the importance of chastity, charity and concord

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13
Q

Describe the rule of St Benedict?

A

Written in the 6th century
Widely used across Europe by the 9th century
Rules on sleeping, eating and treating the sick
Chose a cellarer - a wise man chosen to be the father of the brotherhood

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14
Q

What are the other types of ‘monasticism’?

A

Anchoresses - walled up in a parish church for 20 years
Order of the poor class - 1219 - directions from St Francis but no formal rule
Double houses - monks and nuns live together meaning the nuns no longer needed a priest as the monks could ordain themselves

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15
Q

Who was Bede?

A

Monk at the abbey of St Peter in Northumbria
Father of British history
Wrote the ecclesiastical history of the English people

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16
Q

Who were the Cluniacs?

A

Led by Peter the Venerable - defended the order against the Cistercians
Unique structure of mother and daughter houses
1024 - gained the right to only be answerable to the Pope

17
Q

Who were the Cistercians?

A

Led by Bernard of Clairvaux - 343 monasteries by the time he died
Disillusioned monks found a new monastery at Citeaux
Characterised by their white robes and austere lifestyle

18
Q

What were the 5 pillars of the Muslim faith?

A 
Declaration of faith
Importance of charity
Fasting
Pilgrimage
Prayer
19
Q

When was the Islamic empire?

A

622-750 BC

20
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Mosque?

A

Place of study and worship
Rare in Europe in general but more common in Spain
Mohammed’s home was the first mosque
Cathedral of Corboba - converted from a mosque to a cathedral in the 13th century

21
Q

What happened in the 12th century renaissance?

A

Gained knowledge from Muslims
Arabic numbers
Geometry - led to a change in architecture and more intricate patterns

22
Q

What happened when Muslims took over from the Christians in medieval Spain?

A

Learnt Arabic now but not Latin
Tolerance
Hard to distinguish between Christians and Muslims
Conversions - would benefit most if they converted (20% at first)
Christians had to pay land tax

23
Q

What happened when Jews invited discussion of their sacred texts?

A

Led to them being accused of heresy

Christians wanted it burned so Jews would convert to Christianity

24
Q

What are the characteristics of synagogues?

A

Segregated worship
Place of learning as well
Repurposed buildings
Mikvehs were underground pools which meant they were easy to find

25
Q

When were Jews expelled from Western European countries?

A 
Britain 1290
France 13th century
Germany 15th century
Forced Jews east to Poland
Brought back by Oliver Cromwell
26
Q

What are the two types of dualism?

A

Absolute - 2 principles are equal, in combat for eternity

Mitigated - unequal powers, good will beat evil

27
Q

What form of non-conformity involved dualism?

A

Cathars - most popular form of heresy, believed Catholic Church had betrayed Christ’s message
Pope ordered a crusade on them leading them to settle in France

28
Q

Describe the Albigensian Crusade

A

1022-1163: Catharsis declared heretics
1209-1229: Crusade begins
1244: Dominican inquisitors began crusade
1295: Semi-Cathar revival
1310: Inquisition in full force - Catharsis burned
15th century: Survived in Italy

29
Q

Give some examples of non-conformity?

A

Knights Templar - 1119-1312 - accused of sodomy and disbanded
Bogamils - lived in poverty - wandering group - predecessors to the Cathars
Dualism - God vs Devil - absolute and mitigated
Cathars - based on dualism - most popular heresy
Lollards- popular religious movement - term eventually applied to all heretics

30
Q

What were the responses to heresy?

A

The inquisition and Friars

31
Q

Describe the inquisition

A 
1204
Ordered by the pope
Form of legal process
Church members were often inquisitors
Torture allowed but had to be restricted
32
Q

Describe the response to heresy in the form of the Friars

A

Dominican branch formed by St Dominic in 1216
Franciscan branch formed by St Francis in 1209
Poverty and preaching
New form of monasticism

Part 1 History (5 decks)

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