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Neuroanatomy > Moore Notes > Flashcards

Moore Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Orbitomeatal plane

A

Connects the inferior margin of the orbit and the superior margin of the external acustic meatus.
Horizontal plane that determines anatomical position of the skull.
Also Frankfort horizontal plane

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2
Q

Calvaria

A

skullcap

dome-like roof of neurocranium

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3
Q

Basicranium

A

Floor of skull

cranial base

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4
Q

Bones of neurocranium

A 
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital
Temporal x2
Parietal x2
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5
Q

Synchondroses

A

Hyaline cartilage uniting some skull bones during childhoods (e.g. sphenoid & occipital)

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6
Q

Viscerocranium

A 
Mandible
Ethmoid
Vomer
Maxilla x2
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate) x2
Zygomatic x2
Palatine x2
Nasal x2
Lacrimal bones x2
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7
Q

Nasion

A

Intersection of frontal and nasal bones

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8
Q

Frontal bone - supra-orbital margin

A

Angular boundary between the squamous (flat) and orbital parts of frontal bone

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9
Q

Supercilliary arch

A

Ridge just superior to the supra-orbital margin

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10
Q

Metopic suture

A

Suture in the midline of the glabella

Remnant of the developmental frontal suture

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11
Q

Glabella

A

Smooth area between the superciliary arches

Metopic suture is visible in the midline of this area

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12
Q

Zygomatico-facial foramen

A

Pierces lateral aspect of zygomatic bones

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13
Q

Piriform aperture

A

Means “pear-shaped”

Anterior nasal opening of the cranium (without cartilage)

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14
Q

Intermaxillary suture

A

Union of the maxillary bones in the median plane

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15
Q

Superior and posterior bounds of the temporal fossa

A

Superior and inferior temporal lines

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16
Q

Infratemporal fossa

A

Irregular space inferior and deep to the zygomatic arch and mandible and posterior to the maxilla.

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17
Q

Pterion word

A

Greek: pteron “wing”

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18
Q

Pterion bones

A

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoid (greater wing)
Temporal

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19
Q

Superior nuchal line

A

Marks the superior limit of the neck

Extends laterally from each side of the posterior occipital protuberance

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20
Q

Most common type of skull fracture

A

Linear calvarial fracture

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21
Q

Linear calvarial fracture

A

Occur at point of impact

Fracture lines often radiate away from it in two or more directions

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22
Q

Countercoup (counterblow) fracture

A

Fracture occurs on opposite side of cranium rather than at the point of impact

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23
Q

Basilar fracture

A

Fracture of bones forming the cranial base (includes roof of orbit)
CSF may leak into nose (CSF rhinorrhea) and ear (CSF otorrhea)

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24
Q

Parietal eminence

A

Widest part of skull when looking from superior (dorsal) aspect

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25
Q

Coronal suture

A

Unites frontal and parietal bones

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26
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Unites the R & L parietal bones

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27
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Unites occipital bone w/R&L parietal and temporal bones

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28
Q

Bregma

A

Landmark formed by intersection of sagittal and coronal sutures

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29
Q

Vertex

A

Superiormost point of the cranium

Near midpoint of the saggittal suture

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30
Q

Hard palate bones

A

Palatine process of maxillae

Horizontal plates of the palatine bones

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31
Q

Three processes of the sphenoid bone

A

Greater wing
Lesser wing
Pterygoid process (consists of medial & lateral pterygoid plates)

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32
Q

Medial & lateral pterygoid plates location

A

Part of sphenoid bone

Extend inferiorly on each side of the sphenoid from the junction of the body and greater wings

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33
Q

Sphenoid spine

A

Edge of greater wing by foramen spinosa
Contacts temporal bone
Opening of the bony part of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube & sulcus (groove) for cartilaginous part of tube lie medial to spine

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34
Q

Petrous word origin

A

Latin

“rock-like”

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35
Q

Squamous word origin

A

Latin

“flat”

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36
Q

Jugular foramen location

A
  • Large fissure between occipital lobe and the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • At the base of the petrous ridges of the temporal bones
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37
Q

Foramen lacrum location

A
  • Between the temporal, sphenoid & occipital bones
  • Lies posterolateral to the hypophyseal fossa
  • Enclosed by a cartilage plate
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38
Q

Foramen cecum contents

A

At the base of the frontal crest

Nasal emissary vein (1% of population; danger during surgery)

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39
Q

Cribiform foramina in cribriform plate

A

Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves (CNI)

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40
Q

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina contents

A

Vessels and nerves with same names as foramina

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41
Q

Optic canals contents

A

Optic nerves (II) and ophthalmic arteries

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42
Q

Superior orbital fissure contents

A

Ophthalmic veins; ophthalmic nerve (CN V1); CN III, IV, and VI; and sympathetic fibers

43
Q

Foramen rotundum contents

A

Maxillary nerve (V2)

44
Q

Foramen ovale contents

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

45
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of V3

46
Q

Foramen lacerum - contents

A

Internal carotid artery and accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses cross horizontally

47
Q

Groove or hiatus of greater petrosal nerve

A

Greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery

48
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Medulla & meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries

49
Q

Jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI, superior bulb of internal jugular vein; inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses; and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries

50
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

51
Q

Condylar canal

A

Emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck

52
Q

Mastoid foramen

A

Mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery

53
Q

Vertex - origin

A

“vertere”

latin to turn

54
Q

Bregma

A

Greek “bregma”

Top of head

55
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal bone - anterior
Ethmoid bone - central
Body and lesser wings of sphenoid - posterior
Orbital plates of the frontal bone

56
Q

Frontal crest

A

Median bony extension of the frontal bone

Foramen cecum is at the base of this

57
Q

Crista galli - word origin

A

Latin

Cock’s comb

58
Q

Crista galli

A
  • Median ridge of bone that projects superiorly from the ethmoid
  • Sieve-like cribriform plate of the ethmoid is present on each side
59
Q

Clinoid word meaning

A

Greek

Bedpost

60
Q

3 parts of sella turcica

A

Tuberculum sellae - horn of saddle
Hypophysial fossa
Dorsum sellae - back of saddle

61
Q

Tuberculum sellae

A

Slight elevation anteriorly on the body of the sphenoid

62
Q

Hypophysial fossa

A

saddle-like depression for the pituitary gland

63
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A
  • Sella turcica (body of sphenoid)
  • Greater wings of the sphenoid
  • Squamous (flat) parts of the temporal bones laterally
  • Petrous (rock-like) parts of the temporal bones posteriorly
64
Q

Boundary between middle and posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Petrous ridge - superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bones
  • dorsum sellae of the sphenoid
65
Q

Sphenoidal crests

A
  • Sharp posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bones
  • Overhang the lateral parts of the fossa anteriorly
66
Q

Prechiasmatic sulcus

A

Extends between the right and left optic canals

67
Q

Four foramina perforating the roots of the greater wings of the sphenoid

A
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
68
Q

Superior orbital fissure - location

A

Teardrop-shaped opening between the greater and lesser wings

69
Q

Foramen rotundum - location

A

Circular foramen located posterior to the larger medial end of the superior orbital fissure

70
Q

Foramen ovale - location

A

Oval foramen located posterolateral to the foramen rotundum

71
Q

Foramen spinosum

A

Located posterolateral to the foramen oval, opening anterior to the spine of the sphenoid on the external surface

72
Q

Posterior fossa bones

A
  • Mostly occipital and temporal bones

- Parts of sphenoid and parietal bone make smaller contributions

73
Q

Clivus

A

Marked incline that leads from the dorm sella to the foramen magnum

74
Q

Internal occipital crest

A
  • Landmark dividing the posterior part of the fossa into two cerebellar fossae
  • Crest ends superiorly in the internal occipital protuberance
75
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium/periosteum
76
Q

Loose connective tissue layer of the scalp

A
  • Has potential spaces that may distend with fluid as a result of injury or infection
  • Allows free movement of the scalp proper over the underlying calvaria
  • Danger area of the scalp because pus or blood spreads easily
77
Q

Leptomeninx

A

Arachnoid mater - avascular

Pia mater - highly vascularized

78
Q

Cells that make CSF

A

Choroid plexus within the four ventricles of the brain

79
Q

Dura mater layers

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

80
Q

Meningeal layer of the dura

A

Reflects from the external periosteal layer of the duration form dural infoldings that divide the cranial cavity into compartments and support parts of the brain

81
Q

Dural infoldings

A

From the meningeal layer of the dura

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae

82
Q

Falx cerebri attachments

A

Frontal crest of the frontal bone
Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone

Internal occipital protuberance
Becomes continuous with the tentorium cerebelli

83
Q

Tentorium cerebelli attachments

A

Clinoid processes
Petrous part of the temporal bone
Internal surface of the occipital bone
Part of the parietal bone

84
Q

Tentorium word origin

A

Latin

tent

85
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Smallest dural infolding
Circular extension of dura
Suspended between the clinoid process
Forms a partial roof over the hypophyseal fossa
Contains an aperture for passage of the infundibulum (pituitary stalk) and hypophyseal veins

86
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

87
Q

Diplöe

A

Soft spongy material between the inside table and outside table of the skull

88
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A
  • Lies in the convex attached (superior) border of the falx cerebrum
  • Begins at the crista galli
  • Ends near the internal occipital protuberance at the confluence of sinuses
89
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A
  • Collections of arachnoid villi
  • Tufted prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses and lateral venous lacunae
  • Transfer CSF to the venous system
90
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A
  • Smaller than the superior sagittal sinus
  • Runs in the inferior, free concave border of the falx cerebri
  • Ends in the straight sinus
91
Q

Straight sinus

A
  • Formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus with the great cerebral vein
  • Runs inferoposteriorly along the line of attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium cerebella to join the confluence of sinuses
92
Q

Transverse sinuses

A
  • Pass laterally from the confluence of sinuses
  • Groove the occipital bones
  • Leave the tentorium cerebelli at the posterior aspect of the petrous temporal bone and become sigmoid sinuses
93
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A
  • Follows an S-shaped course in the posterior cranial fossa
  • Forms deep grooves in the temporal and occipital bones
  • Continues as the IJV after traversing the jugular foramen
94
Q

Occipital sinus

A
  • Lies in the attached border of the falx cerebelli
  • Ends superiorly in the confluence of sinuses
  • Communicates inferiorly with the internal vertebral venous plexus
95
Q

Cavernous sinus

A
  • Located bilaterally on each side of the sella turcica on the body of the sphenoid bone
  • Extend from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone posteriorly
  • Receives blood from the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, superficial middle cerebral vein, sphenoparietal sinus
  • Communicate via inter cavernous sinuses
96
Q

Cavernous sinus drainage

A
  • Postero-Inferiorly through the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
  • Emissary veins to the pterygoid venous plexuses
97
Q

What CN crosses the internal carotid artery as it courses through the cavernous sinus

A

CN VI - Abducens nerve

98
Q

CN’s on the lateral wall of each cavernous sinus - superior to inferior

A
  • Oculomotor - CN III
  • Trochlear - CN IV
  • Ophthalmic div. of Trigeminal - CNV1
  • Maxillary division of Trigeminal - CNV2

Note - abducens is in cavernous sinus as well, but more medial - right by ICA

99
Q

Superior petrosal sinus

A
  • Runs from the posterior end of the cavernous sinuses to join the transverse sinuses where they become the sigmoid sinuses
  • Lies in the anterolateral attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli
100
Q

Inferior petrosal sinus

A
  • Commences at the posterior end of the cavernous sinus

- Drain the cavernous sinuses directly into the origins of the IJVs

101
Q

Basilar plexus

A

Connects the inferior petrosal sinuses and communicates inferiorly with the internal vertebral venous plexus

102
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A
  • branch of the maxillary artery
  • enters middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum
  • runs lateral in the middle cranial fossa
  • turns super-anteriorly on the greater wing of the sphenoid –> divides into anterior (frontal) and posterior (parietal) branches
103
Q

Innervation of the dura

A
  • Largely CN V
  • Some from CNX and CN XII
  • Sensory endings are more numerous in the dura along each side of the superior sagittal sinus & where arteries and veins course in the dura
104
Q

Arachnoid trabeculae

A

web-like network passing between the arachnoid and pia

Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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