Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PPT: Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorders > Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorders (ppt slides) > Flashcards

Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorders (ppt slides) Flashcards

1
Q

Depressive Disorders: Fact

A

Among the most common disorders in youth and adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Depressive Disorders are Characterized by?

A
  • sadness
  • lack of interest in usual hobbies (anhedonia),
  • sleep and appetite disturbances
  • feelings of worthlessness, and
  • thoughts of death and dying
  • Somatic complaints are also common
  • Associated with increased suicide risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Depressive Disorders: Diagnosis

Whats Common among ALL depressive disorders?

A

-Mood symptoms (e.g., feeling sad, empty, worried, or irritable)
-Vegetative symptoms (e.g., fatigue, social withdrawal, and agitation)
Sleep and appetite disturbance
-Cognitive symptoms (e.g., low self-esteem, guilt, or suicidal ideation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diagnosis: Major Depressive Disorder

Depressed Mood/Anhedonia + 4
2 weeks, nearly everyday

A

Major Depressive Disorder (D+4, 2 weeks)

-Depressed mood or anhedonia (with at least four other symptoms) present for at least 2 weeks, most of the day, nearly every day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnosis: Persistent Depressive Disorder

Depressed Mood
2 years
Specify…

A

Persistent depressive disorder (D, 2 years)

-Depressed mood, lasting at least 2 years, for most of the day, for more days than not
Specify whether major depressive episodes occur during a 2-year period as a qualifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnosis: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (Added)

A

Mood disorder thought to be caused by hormonal fluctuations in the female menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Depression that may not be a depressive disorder

A
  • Depression following a significant life stressor (adjustment disorder)
  • Depression following a manic episode (bipolar disorder)
  • Medical conditions (hyperthyroidism)
  • “Normal” sadness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Commonalities

Each depressive disorder varies from the others, but they do share commonalities:

A
  • Negativistic thinking (i.e., pessimistic and critical)
  • Somatic symptoms
  • Difficulty engaging in and enjoying formerly pleasurable activities
  • Passive coping skills
  • Loss of productivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diagnostic Considerations: Medical/psychological illness

A

Depression is often comorbid with other mental disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnostic Considerations: Medical/psychological illness

A

Endocrinological disorders (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) can produce symptoms of depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Diagnostic Considerations: Medical/psychological illness

A

Acute medical illnesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diagnostic Considerations

A
  • Drug and alcohol abuse
    - Strongly associated with depressive symptoms
  • Grief and bereavement
    - Some disagreement in field with respect to whether bereavement is a form of clinical depression
    - Depression due to other psychiatric disorders
    - Individuals with personality disorders, particularly those with borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Late-life depression

A

NOT a natural consequence of aging, although it is common among older adults

  • Commonly report memory problems and somatic complaints
  • Associated with increased mortality and health service usage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lifetime Prevalence: Mood Disorder

A

20.8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lifetime Prevalence: Episode of Major Depression

A
  1. 6% (5.8 to 12%)

12month: 6.6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of the general population has had a period of Persistent Depressive Disorder? (PDD)

A

2.5% to 6% of the general population has had a period of persistent depressive disorder

17
Q

Epidemiology: Ethnic Minority Samples

A
  • Rates among African Americans are similar to Caucasians, whereas Asian Americans have the lowest rates
  • Among Hispanics, rate depends on immigration status
18
Q

Etiological Considerations: Research focused mainly on?

A

Most research has focused on MDD

19
Q

Etiological Considerations: Familial and genetic factors

A

Evidence from twin and family studies indicates that genetic factors contribute to development of depression

20
Q

Etiological Considerations

A

Some twin and familial rates are not compelling

21
Q

Etiological Considerations: Familial (Heritability)

A

Overall rate of heritability ranges from 31% to 42%

22
Q

Etiological Considerations: heritability

A

Recurrent, early-onset MDD seems most heritable

23
Q

Etiological Considerations: genetic factors

A

Genetic factors increase the propensity to develop the disorder, but no strong connections have been identified yet

24
Q

Brain areas associated with depression:

                            AODA
A 
AODA
 Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Anterior cingulate cortex
25
Q

Etiological Considerations cont

A

Dysregulation of norepinephrine and serotonin

Antidepressants increase availability of receptor sites for these neurotransmitters

26
Q

Racial/ethnic

A

Unclear why rates differ across ethnic groups

Low SES and exposure to violence in minority groups

27
Q

Sex

A

More commonly reported by women
May be related to biological difference, differences in cognitive and behavioral patterns of mood control, or social influences
Men are reluctant to express depressed feelings
Women are more willing to seek treatment

28
Q

Course

A

Early onset (before 20 years old) of MDD has a more severe course than late onset (during 30s)

29
Q

Course

A

Average depressive episode lasts 6 months, though episodes are recurrent
Patients who have one episode have a 36.7% chance of having another
Each additional episode increases the chances of another by about 15%

30
Q

Mean Length of Persistent Depressive Disorder

A 
30 years (based on data from dysthymic disorder)
     1/2 develop MDD as well
31
Q

Depressive Disorders: Mood EPISODES

A
  • Major Depressive Episode (2 weeks)
  • Manic Episode: (1 week)
  • Hypomanic Episode: briefer and less severe
32
Q

The Depressive DISORDERS Are:

A

-MDD
-Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
-Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
-Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
-Depressive Disorder due to another medical condition
-Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
Other specified, or unspecified, depressive disorder

PPT: Mood Disorders: Depressive Disorders (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions