Mood Disorders- Depression Flashcards
Depression (definition)
An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism.
There is a loss of interest in usual activities, and somatic symptoms may be evident.
Changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and cognition are common
Mood
A pervasive and sustained emotion that may have a major influence on a person’s perception of the world.
A persons tone of emotional feelings
“Glass half empty”
◦ Transient Depression
Life’s everyday disappointments
Normal, healthy, responses to everyday disappointments in life
Pathological Depression
Occurs when adaptation is ineffective and the symptoms are significant enough to impair functioning.
Affect
Emotional reaction associated with an experience
Mood (Influences)
Personality
Behavior
Mood (classifications)
Depression
Bipolar
Mood Statistics
10-14 million Americans suffer from a major affective disorder
Considered to be the “ common cold” of psychiatric disorders
Depression incidence is higher in females
Depression incidence is higher in single and divorced people
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Diagnostic Criteria
Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities (ahedonia)
Impaired social and occupational function (2wks)
No history of mania
No other medical causes or substance use
Mild Depression
Associated with uncomplicated grieving
Normal Grief Response
Alterations of Mild Depression
Affective: Denial of feelings, anger, anxiety, guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, sadness, despondency
Behavioral: Tearfulness, regression, restlessness, agitation, withdrawal
Cognitive: Preoccupation with the loss, self-blame, ambivalence, blaming others
Physiological: Anorexia or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, headache, backache, chest pain, or other symptoms associated with the loss of a significant other
Alterations of Transient Depression
Affective: Sadness, dejection, feeling downhearted, having the blues
Behavioral: Some crying
Cognitive: Some difficulty getting mind off one’s disappointment
Physiological: Feeling tired and listless
Moderate Depression
Symptoms that are enduring for at least 2 years
Helpless
Slow movements, limited speech
Difficulty with concentration, sleep and appetite disturbance
Dysthymic/Dysthymia Disorder
“down in the dumps”
Moderate Depression
No psychotic symptoms
Chronically depressed mood for
Most of the day
More days than not for >2 years
Don’t usually get help for this , wont see in hospital for this as primary reason
Possible Causes of Depression
Biological theories: Genetics: hereditary factor
Biochemical influences: Deficiency of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Suicide Facts
Warnings of suicidal intent
Risky behaviors
Lethality assessment
Lethality assessment
Does the client have a specific plan?
Are the means available to carry out this plan?
If the client carries out the plan, is it likely to be lethal?
Has the client made preparations for death?
Where and when does the client intend to carry out the plan?
Is the intended time a special date or anniversary that has meaning for the client?
Suicide Risk Factors
10th leading cause of death in adults
3rd among adolescents
Can exhibit overt or covert behavior
Men commit suicide three times the rate of women
* Guns and knives, hanging
Women are four times more likely than men to attempt suicide
*Women want to be rescued, don’t like pain, less lethal
Self Awareness for Nursing
Keep a journal and talk to colleagues about feelings in regards to suicide
Treatments
Individual psychotherapy
Group and family therapy
Cognitive therapy
Psychopharmacology
Individual Psychotherapy
Focuses on the client’s current interpersonal relations.
Three phases
Individual Psychotherapy Phases
Phase 1 : assessment
Phase 2 : resolve complicated grief reactions
Phase 3 : therapeutic alliance is terminated, successful if helping depressed persons recover enhanced social functioning.
Group Therapy
Once an acute phase of the illness is passed, groups can provide an atmosphere in which individuals may discuss issues in their lives that cause, maintain, or arise out of having a serious affective disorder.
Family Therapy
Mainly to resolve the symptoms and initiate or restore adaptive family functioning
