Mood Disorders - Chapter 2

Question 1

T/F. Mood disorders (M.D) are among the common diagnoses in psychiatry.

Answer 1

T

Question 2

Describe mood disorders

Answer 2

Pt. is in a persistent emotional state

Question 3

3 Major mood categories

Answer 3

• Unipolar M.D
• Bipolar M.D
• M.D w/ known etiology

Question 4

Neural basis for M.D

Answer 4

altered function in the HPA axis and in multiple neurotransmitter systems

Specific affected regions include the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus (anterior portions), and the prefrontal cortex (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)

Question 5

What are the TWO unipolar disorders?

Answer 5

• Major Depressive Disorder

- Dysthymic Disorder

Question 6

How is pt diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder?

Answer 6

Diagnosed after a single episode of major depression.

Characterized by emotional changes, primarily depressed mood, and by so-called vegetative changes, consisting of alterations in sleep, appetite, and energy levels.

Question 7

What NT evidence is there for Major Depressive Disorder?

Answer 7

abnormalities in amine neurotransmitters as mediators of depressive states

the evidence is strongest for deficiencies in norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 8

Major depression is frequently ______

Answer 8

recurrent

Question 9

depressive episode for those pts with Major depression can last ________ (time)

Answer 9

6-12 months

Question 10

What is the treatment for Major Depression?

Answer 10

Psychotheraphy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy (tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. In addition, lithium, thyroid hormone, and psychostimulants may
be used as augmentative treatments.

Question 11

What is Dysthymic disorder?

Answer 11

a mild, chronic form of major depression.

Question 12

What does a dysthymic disorder diagnosis require?

Answer 12

an individual experience a minimum of 2 years of chronically depressed mood most of the time

Question 13

Treatment for dysthymic disorder?

Answer 13

Same as major depression CBT plays a LARGER role along with tryclic antidepressants, SSRIS, etc.

Question 14

What are the 3 types of bipolar mood disorders?

Answer 14

• Bipolar I
• Bipolar II
• Cyclothymia

Question 15

How is Bipolar I characterized?

Answer 15

***At least 1 episode of mania.

Pts can also experience MAJOR depression throughout their life

Question 16

Management of Bipolar I?

Answer 16

Antipsychotics in conjunction with benzodiazepines (for rapid tranquilization) and initiation of mood stabilizer (Lithium commonly used)

Question 17

How is Bipolar II characterized?

Answer 17

Similar to bipolar I disorder except that mania is absent in bipolar II disorder, and hypomania (a milder
form of elevated mood than mania) is the essential diagnostic finding.

Question 18

Treatment of Bipolar II?

Answer 18

Same at bipolar I; Antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and mood stabilizer . Treatment for mania is not AS agressive

Question 19

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 19

Recurrent, chronic, mild form of bipolar disorder in which mood typically oscillates between hypomania and dysthymia. (Extremes of mania and major depression are absent).

Question 20

Treatment for cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 20

Psychotherapy, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants

Question 21

What are the two M.D with known etiology?

Answer 21

• Substance-induced M.D

- M.D resulting from general medical condition

Question 22

How is substance-induced M.D caused?

Answer 22

medications, other psychoactive substances, ECT, or phototherapy are proximate events and the likely cause of the mood disturbance.

Question 23

What is M.D resulting from general medical condition?

Answer 23

mood disturbances apparently caused by a medical illness.

Question 24

What are some example of mood disturbances caused by a medical illness?

Answer 24

• Melancholic; associated with guilt, remorse, loss of pleasure, and extreme vegetative symptoms.
• Postpartum; occurs within 4 weeks of childbirth.
• Seasonal; how a consistent seasonal pattern of variation. The most common pattern is a worsening of depression during the fall and winter with improvement in the spring
• Atypical; show a pattern of hypersomnia, increased appetite or weight gain, mood reactivity, long- standing rejection sensitivity, anergia, and leaden paralysis
• Rapid Cycling; four mood disturbances per year must be present.
• Catatonic; pronounced movement abnormalities, including motoric immobility or excessive purposeless motor activity, maintenance of a rigid posture, mutism, stereotyped movement, echolalia (repetition of a word or phrase just spoken by another person), and echopraxia (repetition of movements made by another person).