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Mood Disorders > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Years Lost Due to disability. Where does depression sit?

A

1990: It was first
2020: It will be (is) second.

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2
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

Introduced to stop kids getting diagnosed with Bipolar disorder. Based on irritable mood (without elevated mood).

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3
Q

If someone has never had depressive episodes (only manic), can they receive a diagnosis of bipolar?

A

Yes!

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4
Q

How much time constitutes a “depressive episode”?

A

2 weeks.

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5
Q

Anhedonic depression (opposed to low mood) more common in…

A

men.

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6
Q

Depression prevalence in children:

A

2%

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7
Q

Depression prevalence in adolescents:

A

1 in 10 to 1 in 4 experienced by end of adolescence

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8
Q

Depression prevalence in adulthood:

A

Lifetime 17%

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9
Q

Men:Women

A

1:2 (twice as many women)

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10
Q

Average duration of MDD:

A

7 to 9 months 60-70% improve within 3 months

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11
Q

Risk indicators?

A

Adolescent onset and suicidality

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12
Q

average number of episodes?

A

5-6

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13
Q

Depression diagnosis in elderly is underdiagnosed?

A

symptoms often masked by other ailments

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14
Q

Why do women suffer depression more?

A

Women internalise, men externalise (alcoholism), more exposed to risk factors (demostic violence, poverty), societal burden on women increasing

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15
Q

Bipolar I lifetime prevalence

A

1.6%

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16
Q

Bipolar II lifetime prevalence

A

2%

17
Q

Mean age of onset of bipolar

A

21 yoa

18
Q

M:F ratio of bipolar I

A

1:1

19
Q

Depression to mania ratio bipolar I

A

3:1

20
Q

M:F ratio of bipolar II

A

more common in women

21
Q

Depression to mania ratio bipolar II

A

50:50

22
Q

How many episodes per year for bipolar I?

A

0.4-0.7 episodes per year

23
Q

Biological factors for depression?

A

Twin concordance rate for twins is almost 50%

Fraternal twin - 20%

24
Q

Does having a depressive twin raise likelihood of having bipolar yourself?

A

No. No increased risk of bipolar from genetic endowment.

25
Q

Does having a bipolar twin raise likelihood of having depression?

A

Yes. Bipolar genetic endowment increases risk of depression.

26
Q

Neurochemical factors…

A

Norepinephrine - depression and mania
Serotonin - in depression (regulates other neurotransmitters)
Dopamine - leads to depression, increase mania
Lithium use suggests Norapinephrine involvement

27
Q

Endocrine system - “Stress hypothesis”

A
  • Overactivation HPA axis
  • Neurohormones
  • Elevated cortisol
  • Supported hippocampal neurogenisis
28
Q

Psychological factors focus on…

A

meaning of events (cognitive approach)

29
Q

For what was CBT developed to treat?

A

Depression.

30
Q

What did Seligman do?

A

learned helplessness theory - people make attributions or explanations for events

31
Q

Beck?

A

shit covered glasses - “everything sucks” -
these cognitions are reliably associated with depression.
Beck thinks depressed state is due to these cognitions.

32
Q

Who invented CBT?

A

Beck!

33
Q

Negative triad?

A

Self - defective, deprived, inadequate - “I am useless”
World - demanding, presenting hurdles - “Nothing ever goes right for me”
Future - anticipates difficulties and struggles will continue - expects hardship, frustration, deprivation - “It will always be like this”

34
Q

Course of CBT

A

10-20 sessions - time limited and goal directed

35
Q

Behavioural aspect of CBT

A

get person activated and doing activities if reduced

  • scheduling activities
  • increase positive events that give pleasure and/or achievement
36
Q

Cognitive aspect of CBT

A
  • identify unhelpful patterns of thinking
  • identify characteristic unhelpful styles, substitute more adaptive thoughts
  • correct negative cognitive schemas - underlying beliefs that drive thoughts in many life situations
37
Q

What is a genogram?

A

graphic representation of family tree that displays detailed data on relationships among individuals.

38
Q

How does CBT work?

A
  • challenges depressive cognitions such as being ineffectual or unable to gain satisfaction from life
  • disconfirms depressive distortions through pleasurable and satisfying activities
  • focuses on activity assessment and increasing mastering and pleasure.
39
Q

What is Socratic questioning?

A

graded series of questioning to facilitate independent thinking
-progressive series asked to shape client’s thought processes

Mood Disorders (1 decks)

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