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Schizophrenia > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of depression?

A

Unipolar

Bipolar

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2
Q

How many people are affected by unipolar depression?

A

5-7%, most commonly in middle-old age

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3
Q

What’s the diagnosis for unipolar depression?

A

5 symptoms for 2+ weeks

NO history of mania

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4
Q

What are emotional symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Sadness
Loss of pleasure
Irritability

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5
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of unipolar

A

Poop memory/concentration
Sleep disturbances
Suicidal thoughts

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6
Q

What are physiological symptoms of unipolar depression?

A

Sleep disturbances
Headaches
Sickness/stomach aches

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7
Q

What are behavioural symptoms of unipolar

A

Withdrawal from social life
Loss of libido
Poor work performance

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8
Q

What are emotional symptoms of bipolar depression

A

Euphoria
Extreme happiness
Lack of guilt
Social inhibition

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9
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression

A

Delusions Ideas

Reckless decision making

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10
Q

What are behavioural/physiological symptoms of bipolar

A

High energy
Increased work levels
Social and sexual activity

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11
Q

diagnosis of bipolar depression?

A

One major depressive episode followed by one mania episode
May be long term or swing between periods.

Must impair function and cause high stress

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12
Q

Biological explanation- genetics

A

Family history doubles the likelihood of the development of mood disorders.

Thought to be the result of multi gene action.

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13
Q

What is mcguffins study?

A

Bipolar- investigated the genetic predisposition idea.

Looked at twin studies and Compared them. MZ- 46% and DZ- 20%

Shows genetic influence

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14
Q

Biological explanation- genetics

A

Family history doubles the likelihood of the development of mood disorders.

Thought to be the result of multi gene action.

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15
Q

What is mcguffins study?

A

Bipolar- investigated the genetic predisposition idea.

Looked at twin studies and Compared them. MZ- 46% and DZ- 20%

Shows genetic influence

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16
Q

What biochemicals are found in the limbic system?

A

Noradrenaline and serotonin

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17
Q

What do noradrenaline and serotonin do?

A

Found in the limbic system of people with depression. Affects sleep/appetite and emotions. And imbalance, too low causes depression, too high- mania

18
Q

What was shastrys study?

A

Found that during a manic episode, serotonin levels are low and noradrenaline levels are high. During a depressive episode, both are low

19
Q

What was teutings study?

A

Tested the samples of urine in those with depression. Tested the levels of a compound which is present after neurodrenaline and serotonin are broken down. Those with depression had lower levels of the compound suggesting lower than normal levels in the brain

20
Q

What hormone is high in the blood of those with depression?

A

Cortisol- usually present in stressful situations however was still high in those with depression even after the stressful event had passed

21
Q

What areas are affected by depression? (Brain abnormalities)

A

What prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus

22
Q

Evaluation of the biological explanation for mood disorders

A

❌unclear whether brain abnormalities are a cause of effect
❌ teutings study- low levels could be the effect of mood disorders rather than the fair
❌not 100% concordance in twin studies- environmental input
❌ no single gene detected
❌ deterministic- saying people have a brain defect etc could prevent recovery as people lose hope

23
Q

What does the cognitive explanation say causes depression?

A

People become depressed as they think in negative and self- defeating ways

24
Q

what are the 4 ways of thinking with depression that beck proposed?

A

Overgeneralisation- one negative event means everything is negative

Magnification- blowing things out of proportion

Select perception- perceiving only bad events

Absolute thinking- everything has the be perfect otherwise it’s a disaster

25
Q

Becks negative schema study

A

Investigated the schemes used by people with depression. Used the DAS scale, dysfunctional attitude scale. He used a control group and a group of students diagnosed with depression. He found that those with depression scored more highly, showing their negative thought process

26
Q

Evaluation of becks DAS scale study

A

❌ negative schemas could be the cause not the effect of depression

27
Q

Becks cognitive triad of constant negative thought

A

Self- not good enough for anything
World- the world is a horrible place
Future- there is nothing in the future for me

28
Q

Evaluation of the cognitive explanation for mood disorders

A

✅ cognitive triad led to the most successful treatment ever
✅ based on sound scientific research
❌ negative schemas- cause of effect??
❌ doesn’t explain the mania phase of bipolar

29
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach to depression?

A

Freud based his Thoeru of depression on loss and dependency. How a child deals with loss in childhood effects them in adulthood with how they deal with things

30
Q

What is the introjection of hostility Theory? (Psychodynamic)

A

Grief in childhood leads to rejection. The ego becomes self-centred and believed this is somethings he/she has done. They turn to self blame and punishment. If they don’t deal with this as a child, when they encounter loss as an adult they will regress to the oral stage (high dependency)

31
Q

Bowlby’s attachment theory- depression

A

If there isn’t a strong attachment with a mother figure during childhood then depression could occur later in life as a result

32
Q

What happened to the personality which causes mania in bipolar? (ID,Ego, superego)

A
  • during the depressive stage the superego dominates the ego and causes the person to feel guilty- resulting in depression
  • the ego tries to assert itself but overreacts and causes the individual to enter the mania phase

This is repeated-

33
Q

Evaluation of psychodynamic explanation for depression

A

✅ early theories of Freud lead to the development of an interpersonal theory of depression which is an effective treatment
✅ there is support for bowlbys theory

❌largely unscientific- cannot prove early childhood experiences effect us etc

❌ depressed people often express anger towards others which isn’t supported by the introjection hostility theory

34
Q

What are the biological treatments for depression?

A

Antidepressants-
Monoanime oxidase inhibitors
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Electro convulsive shock therapy

Lithium carbonate- bipolar depression

35
Q

Evaluation of biological treatments

A

❌ antidepressants take time to work, patients often don’t wait and stop taking them
❌ if they aren’t taken symptoms re-occur- suicide
❌ don’t deal with the cause of depression
❌ not everyone responds

✅ drugs work well when combined with cognitive therapy etc
✅ effective in 75% of cases

36
Q

What are the cognitive treatments for depression?

A

Becks cognitive triad therapy

Rational emotive therapy- hollon

37
Q

What is becks cognitive triad therapy?

A

Challenging the negative schemas
The cognitive triad of negative thought is changed in 4 phases

1- confidence is increased
2- automatic negative thoughts are challenged
3- negative thoughts are identified
4- key attitudes and beliefs are changed

38
Q

What is rational emotive therapy?

A

Irrational thoughts are replaced with rational thoughts to show the patients how their thinking is damaging. For example the negative belief- ‘I need to be perfect in everything I do…’ Would be changed to ‘ I can try my best but I am not always going to be the best every time’

39
Q

What was hollons study? Treatments

KEY STUDY ‼️‼️

A

compared the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and drug therapy in depression. He used patients with moderate- severe depression either one of the treatments.

Relapse rates for cognitive was 40%
Relapse rates for drugs was 45%
Placebo relapse rates- 80%

Shows that cognitive therapy is as effective as drugs

40
Q

Evaluation of cognitive therapy treatment

A

✅ highly effective- relapse rates are 60-70% after 10-12 weeks of treatment
✅ can be used 1-1 or in groups- cost effective
✅ combination of this and drug therapy is often the most effective

❌ doesn’t work for everyone- they have to be articulate and motivated
❌ less useful for treatment of mania in bipolar

Schizophrenia (2 decks)

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