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Bio Final > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what’s going on with depression?

A

dysregulation of the HPA axis

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2
Q

depression ppl show elevated levels of…

A

growth hormone
thyroid
cortisol

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3
Q

depressed ppl respond abnormally to what test?

A

DST

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4
Q

tricyclic antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of?

A

serotonin, NE, and dopamine

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5
Q

what are the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

weight gain

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6
Q

what are the side effects of MAOI antidepressants?

A

weight gain and tyramine levels… wine and cheese effect - can’t have that.

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7
Q

what does new meds like SNRIs do?

A

selectively block reuptake of serotonin and NE - good for depression accompanied by pain

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8
Q

when we stimulate NE and serotonin receptors, what do we see?

A

increased 5-HT binding
increase cAMP
CREB
BDNF

everything that protects, repairs, promotes new neural growth.

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9
Q

most antidepressants suppress which stage of sleep?

A

suppress REM, increase SWS

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10
Q

St. John’s Worth is essentially what?

A

MAOI and Tricyclen… it blocks reuptake of serotonin, NE, DA, and MAO….

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11
Q

when is bipolar considered bipolar?

A

manic episode that lasts over a week.

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12
Q

what’s the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A

stable, unlike depression and anxiety rates which are unsurprisingly climbing. suggests it’s genetic and not environmental.

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13
Q

who is more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar, f or m?

A

both - same prevalence.

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14
Q

what single dominant gene might be responsible for bipolar disorder?

A

chromosome 4.

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15
Q

bipolar disorder is how many more times more common in families with members diagnosed in major Deppressive disorder?

A

3-4 times

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16
Q

what part of the brain is affected during bipolar episodes?

A

basal ganglia elevations during manic periods (odd movement)

enlarged amygdala (hypertrophy of neural connections)

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17
Q

what are treatments for bipolar disorder?

how well does it work?

A

-lithium - only during manic phases… but they hardly ever take it because it feels so good to them.

it works in 70-80% of patients…

-anticonvulsants - alleviates both depression and mania

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18
Q

what’s the best treatment for bipolar disorder?

A

a mix of lithium, anticonvulsants, SSRs and antipsychotics…

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19
Q

what is the largest number of ppl who suffer from anxiety?

A

phobia - 11.5 mill yo.

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20
Q

what is the main NT system that’s involved in anxiety?

A

GABA

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21
Q

what’s the real reason someone might have anxiety?

A

real fucking physiological issues

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22
Q

t or f, generalized anxiety is caused by environmental issues.

A

false - it’s more genetic than anything

23
Q

what receptors is anxiety affected by?

A

GABAa receptors - action site of benzodiazepines…

24
Q

when does OCD usually develop?

A

early childhood

25
Q

what are some causes of OCD?

A

genetics, brain damage (basal ganglia, cingulate, prefrontal), and strep infections which can trigger autoimmune diseases…

26
Q

what are the treatments of OCD?

A

SSRIs….

Behavioral treatment

27
Q

what’s the last desperate attempt to quell OCD?

A

cingulotomy - kill the connective fibers of the cingulum bunders which connect prefrontal and cingulate cortex with limbic cortex…

28
Q

what are the symptoms of panic disorders?

A

overwhelming feelings of fear and terror

29
Q

treatments for panic disorders?

A

same as OCD

SSRIs and BZD.

30
Q

what is schizophrenia considered to be?

A

psychosis characterized by split mind- difference between reality and perception

31
Q

onset of skitzo?

A

late teens and early twenties

diagnosed around 30

32
Q

what is the worst and most common outcome of skitzo?

A

33%, it gets worse until they just continue with psychotic break

33
Q

what is positive symptoms of skitzo?

A

things that skitzo ppl do that normal ppl don’t

seeing something that’s not there

34
Q

what’s negative symptoms of skitzo?

A

lack of facial expressions, speech, movement

35
Q

what are the causes of skitzo?

A

genetic
environmental
pharmacological
neurological

36
Q

mother or father - whos side contributes to skitzo?

A

older father

37
Q

is there a dominant gene for skitzo?

A

no, it’s probably polygenal

38
Q

which trimester during the influenza epidemic caused more skitzo?

why?

A

2nd trimester - because its fucking with the cortical migration in the fetus

39
Q

t or f, ppl born further away from equator are more likely to develop skits.

A

true - more viral effects

40
Q

whats the seasonality effect of skitzo?

A

more likely to be born in later winter/early spring… lack of sunlight? flu season?

41
Q

why would underweight mothers cause skitzo babies?

A

lack of thiamine

42
Q

whats the Rh incompatability?

A

specifically Rh+ child in an Rh mother…. anemia…

43
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis?

which symptoms is it related to?

A

overactivity of DA synapses?

related to positive symptoms.

44
Q

what does chlorpromazine do and what does it address?

A

it addresses the overactivity of DA - it reduces anxiety and effective at relieving psychotic symptoms.

45
Q

which D receptor does skitzo meds focus on?

A

DA antagonists focus on D2 receptors.

46
Q

if you give a skitzo cocaine or amphetamines, what type of effects do you get?

A

more psychotic behavior…

47
Q

what are problems with the dopamine hypothesis?

A
  • 25% of pxts don’t respond to dopamine antagonists…
  • atypical antipsychotic meds like clozapine act on serotonin and not dopamine
  • drugs change dopamine activity immediately but patients don’t improve for weeks…
  • PCP produces symptoms similar to skitzo by blocking the NMDA glutamate receptor…
48
Q

what type of brain abnormalities do skitzos show?

A

enlarged ventricles - negative symptoms

hippocampus and amygdala are SMALLER

abnormal cell organization

49
Q

what’s the relationship between PCP and skitzo?

A

they both decrease GABAergic and DA activity in the frontal lobe…

50
Q

describe the hypofrontality hypothesis

A

lower frontal lobe activity may account for negative symptoms of skitzo…

51
Q

are dopamine antagonists better at treating positive or negative symptoms of skitz?

A

positive…

52
Q

what is “rebooting” the brain referring to?

A

insulin coma

transcranial magnetic stimulation

53
Q

does GAD produce autonomic hyperarousal or underarousal?

A

underarousal… lower heart rate, breathing; etc… they have stronger parasympathetic system in an attempt to inhibit the sympathetic NS.

54
Q

what type of symptoms do ppl with OCD display?

A

species-specific behavior patterns.

Bio Final (4 decks)

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