Mood Disorders Flashcards
Differentiate between mood and affect.
Mood refers to a temporary and subjective emotional state, while affect encompasses the observable expression of emotions influencing behaviour.
What key factors distinguish normal sadness from a mood disorder?
Normal sadness is typically temporary and directly related to a specific situation, whereas a mood disorder involves persistent, pervasive mood changes that impair social and occupational functioning.
Why is it crucial to diagnose and treat depression despite its frequent association with understandable life circumstances?
Untreated depression carries significant morbidity and mortality risks, including suicide. Early intervention can alleviate disabling symptoms and improve overall well-being.
Outline the three fundamental elements used in the classification of mood disorders.
Mood disorders are classified based on: (1) episode characteristics (single, recurrent, persistent); (2) mood polarity (unipolar depression or bipolar with both low and elevated moods); and (3) episode severity (mild, moderate, severe for depression; hypomanic or manic for elation).
Briefly describe the characteristics of dysthymia and cyclothymia.
Dysthymia is characterized by chronic, mildly low mood lasting for several years, while cyclothymia involves chronic mood instability with periods of mild depression and elation, neither reaching the severity of bipolar disorder or recurrent depressive disorder.
List three core symptoms of depression.
Core symptoms of depression include: (1) depressed mood most of the day; (2) anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure); and (3) significant weight changes or appetite disturbances.
What differentiates a depressive episode from recurrent depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?
A depressive episode is a single occurrence, while recurrent depressive disorder involves multiple depressive episodes. Bipolar disorder includes depressive episodes alongside manic or hypomanic episodes.
Explain the difference between relapse and recurrence in the context of mood disorders.
Relapse refers to the return of symptoms before full recovery from an episode, while recurrence signifies a new episode after a period of recovery.
What is the mechanism of action of lithium as a mood stabiliser in bipolar disorder?
Lithium is believed to stabilize mood by modulating neurotransmitters like noradrenaline, serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, influencing neuronal excitability and signalling pathways.
List three lifestyle factors that can significantly impact mood regulation in individuals with bipolar disorder.
Lifestyle factors influencing mood in bipolar disorder include: (1) sleep patterns, (2) work routines, and (3) socialisation levels.
