Mood Disorders

Question 1

Major Depression DSM-5 criteria

Answer 1

1. Depressed mood
2. Markedly diminished interest or please in all, or almost all, activities
3. Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Observable psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
9. Recurrent thoughts of death; reccurent suicidal ideation without specific plan; a specific suicide plan; or a suicide attempt

Question 2

how many of the DSM criteria do you have to meet to get classified for depression

Answer 2

5+ of following symptoms must be present during same 2 week period: at least one symptom is either: depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

Question 3

Hypomania characteristics

Answer 3

Persistent mild elevation of mood
Increased energy and activity
Marked feelings of well-being and both physical and mental efficiency
Icnreased sociability and talkativness (or increase irritabiliyt in some)
Increased sexual energy
Decreased need for sleep
No hallucinations or delusions (i.e. no psychosis)

Question 4

Bipolar II criteria

Answer 4

At least one hypomanic episode & at least one major depressive episode
There has never been a manic episode

Question 5

Manic Episode Criteria

Answer 5

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or expansive mood and abnomraly and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day
3+ of the following:
Inflated self-esteem or gradiosity
Decreased need for sleep (feels rested after only 3 hrs or sleep)
More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
Distractibility
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

Question 6

difference between bipolar I and Bipolar II

Answer 6

Bipolar I includes manic episodes

Question 7

misconceptions of BP

Answer 7

People exhibit rapid shifts in affect (vast majority do not)
Bipolar people are dangerous
Less likey to carry out violent crime than individual withou a diagnosis of BD → smae ture for most psychiatric diagnoses

Question 8

What BP people actually experience

Answer 8

Poeple with BD generally have higher level of cortisol compared to healthy controls
Show altered cortisol reactivity to acute stressors
Have experienced early life traumas (e.g. abuse, neglect) have an earlier age of onset; about half of persons with BD have experienced chronic early traumas
Patients with BD also have appreciably altered gut microbiome that is believed to support HPA-axis dysregulation
BD associated with significant neuroinflammation that may be downstream to changes to gut microbiota

Question 9

What does lithium do for BP

Answer 9

treats current mood episodes and protects against further mood episodes
Neuroprotective, and preferentially accumulates in brain regions taht produce new neurons (e.g. hippocampus)
Chronic administration of lithium increases BDNF expression in rat brains
Only drug with fast-acting anti-suicidal effects
Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 10

3 levels of stigma

Answer 10

structural, social, self

Question 11

structural Stigma

Answer 11

the policies and practices of institutions in positions of power, that systematically restrict the rights and opporutniteis for people living with mental illness

Question 12

Social Stigma

Answer 12

phenomenon of oscila groups endorsing stereotypes about acting against stigmatised group → leads to development of self-stigma

Question 13

Self Stigma

Answer 13

egative feelings about self, maladaptive behaviour, identity transformation, or stereotype endorsement resulting from an individual’s experiences, perceptions, or anticipation of negative social reactions on the basis of their mental illness