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abnormal psych test 2 > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

response rate or anti depressants

A

30%

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2
Q

DSM depression criteria and age

A

states that the essential features of depression are the same for all age groups but also indicate that there are some age associated features (kids tend to be aggressive, hyper and act out)

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3
Q

symptoms of depression

A

sad mood, feeling blue

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4
Q

syndrome

A

regular co-existence of symptoms that commonly occur together

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5
Q

disorder

A

must meet the DMS criteria
-affects function/need dysfunction
-distress
-not caused by medication/medical condition
-time course of persistant for 2 weeks

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6
Q

5 or more symptoms for major depression must be present for 2 weeks

A

-depressed mood
-loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia)
-appetite/weight loss
-insomnia or hypersomnia
-psychomotor agitation or retardation
-fatigue or loss of energy
-feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
-poor concentration
-suicidal ideation

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7
Q

at least 1 of these symptoms must be present for major depression

A

-depressed mood
-loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia)

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8
Q

depression in infancy

A

“anaclitic depression”- lack of attempts at expression, apathetic

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9
Q

depression in toddlerhood (1-2)

A

aggression, hyperactive (agitated, upset)

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10
Q

depression in preschoolers (3-4)

A

irritability, social withdrawal

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11
Q

depression in school aged kids (5-6th grade)

A

withdrawal, not liking to play, not liking to talk to their families, feeling that they would never get that they want, thinking that they would not have a good time

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12
Q

depression in adolescents

A

12 year old- pessimistic about future, won’t be happier when older, sleep problems, and decreased appetite
17 year old- nightmares and suicidal ideation

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13
Q

depression sex ratio in grade school

A

M=F

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14
Q

depression sex ratio in highschool

A

F>M in a 2:1 ratio
-due to girls dealing with physical changes sooner, sex role socialization, boys express distress through externalizing behavior while girls internalizing

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15
Q

abraham-freud model

A

conversion of aggressive instinct into depression (aggression turned inward); loss of self esteem

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16
Q

object loss model (Spitz, Bowlby)

A

separation and disruption of an attachment bond and/or insecure mother-infant attachments in early life and/or atmosphere without love

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17
Q

loss (of anything) =

A

depression or dysphoric mood

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18
Q

beck

A

cognitive triad consisting of negative views of self, experiences to date and view of the future–> worthlessness, helplessness and hopelessness

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19
Q

self turns to

A

worthlessness

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20
Q

experiences to date turns to

A

helplessness

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21
Q

view of the future turns to

A

hopelessness

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22
Q

Learned-helplessness model (Seligman)

A

learned helplessness develops because the individual does not recognize the relationship between his/her response and any relief from adverse events

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23
Q

loss of reinforcement model (lazarus and lewinsohn)

A

loss of positive reinforcement/pleasurable events in everyday life

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24
Q

biological model

A

emphasizes genetic factors and neurophysological theories (ex. neurotransmitter functioning)

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25
depression is most often thought of as a combination of
genetic factors, physiological stressors, psychosocial stressors and developmental factors
26
ECT procedures
-patient put under anesthesia -muscles are paralyzed (with a muscle relaxer) -2 electrodes placed on scalp -electrical current passed between electrodes (1-2 seconds) -grand mal seizure should occur (lasting 30s-1min) -EEG confirms that a seizure has taken place -oxygen administered to prevent damage from hypoxia -repeated 2-3 times a week until mood improved
27
placement of EEG electrodes
-traditionally placed on opposite sides of head -more recently place both electrodes on the non-dominant side of the head (RH) -unilateral placement results in less confusion and memory loss/complaints
28
ECT works best for
depressed patients with delusions, severe insomnia, loss of appetite and total inability to feel pleasure
29
how many sessions of ECT are effective
6-12
30
DSM does not recognize postpartum depression instead
patients must meet the criteria for MDD and the criteria for the peri-partum onset specifier(onset pregnancy or within 4 weeks of delivery)
31
PDD definitions
a non-psychotic depressive episode that either occurs after delivery or begins prior to delivery and continues into the postpartum period
32
symptoms of PPD
dysphoric mood along with loss of interest in daily activities, changed in sleep/appetite, fatigue, suicidal ideation, excessive guilt impairment in functioning
33
prevalence of PDD
occurs in 13% of those who give birth
34
duration of PPD
symptoms must persist for at least one week and can last for months after delivery or recur at later times
35
risk factors for PPD
-increase in estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy and decrease after delivery -lower income, SES -poor marital relationship -lack of social support -history of depression or dysthymia
36
implications of PPD
-marital problems -delivering an at risk baby -negative effects on the development of the child -risk for future depressive episodes
37
treatments for PPD
-interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): seeks to evaluate and replace problematic aspects of the client's relations with healthier alternatives -cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): seeks to acknowledge and replace inappropriate thoughts and behaviors with "healthier" ones
38
medications for PPD
-most not advised for pregnant of breastfeeding women -tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), maybe SSRIs considered safe -MAOIs considered unsafe
39
most common PPD
postpartum blues--> 30-75%
40
postpartum blues
relatively benign, short lived, time limited depressive reaction within the first several days postpartum
41
least common PPD
postpartum psychosis --> 0.1-0.2%
42
postpartum psychosis
a sudden onset, rapidly evolving disorder marked by depressive and psychotic symptoms
43
dysthymia
persistent depressive disorder, unipolar
44
dysthymia classification
-depressed mood for most of the day for majority of the days for at least 2 years -need 2 or more of the classifications (poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration, feeling hopeless) -never without symptoms for more than 2 months during the 2+ years -no MDD during first 2 years of symptoms and no manic episodes -symptoms not due to drugs or medical reasons
45
dysthymia in kids
depressed mood for most of day for one year
46
bipolar disorder definition
cycles of manic and depressive episodes with times of normal functioning between mania and depression
47
bipolar I
one or more manic episodes (hypomania or major depressive episodes may have occurred before or after the manic episode)
48
bipolar II
one or more major depressive episodes, at least one hypomanic episodes and no manic episodes
49
hypomanic episodes
less severe version of mania, elated happy
50
bipolar manic depression symptoms
-distinct period of abnormally and persistent elevated, expanside or irritable mood -3+ of following: inflated self esteem/grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech/ more talkative, flight of ideas/racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences
51
manic episode
often accompanied by delusions, lasts 1 week or more
52
hypomanic episode definition
delusions often not present, lasts 4 consecutive days or more
53
completed suicide rate in those with bipolar disorder
10-15%, 1 in 5 of patients with bipolar complete suicide
54
percent of child getting bipolar when both parents are diagnosed
66%
55
year reduction in expected life span of those with bipolar
9.2 years
56
cyclothymia
-"minor bipolar" -numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressed mood for at least 2 years (1 in kids) -never without symptoms for more than 2 months in 2 year period -criteria never met for major depressive episode, manic episode or hypomanic episode -impairments and not due to drugs/medical -often begins in adolescence -15-50% chance it will develop into bipolar disorder
57
lifetime prevalence of MDD
-10-25% for women -5%-12% in men
58
lifetime prevalence of dysthmia
6%
59
lifetime prevalence of BPD
1%
60
lifetime prevalence of cyclothymia
1%
61
gender differences of lifetime prevalences
-women 2x more likely to be diagnosed with MDD as men -equal prevalence for others
62
response rate to ketamine
70%
63
significant decrease in those those with depression with use of ketamine as early as
110 mins
64
effects of ketamine for depression wear off by
day 7
65
ketamine and anti suicidal effects
significant drop in suicidal ideation on day 1 and continues on
66
functional reorganization after ketamine
brain has reorganization in lots of emotional centers such as prefrontal brain connection
67
side effects of ketamine
-short term and well tolerated -dissociation -raised blood pressure and heart rate
68
ketamine mechanism of action
-block NMDA receptors on inhibitory neurons which enhances synaptic plasticity -operates on glutamate
69
most common and most severe mood disorder
major depressive episode
70
anhedonia
loss of energy and inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any fun
71
duration of MDD if not treated
4-9 months
72
mania
find extreme pleasure in every activity, sense of elation and euphoria
73
hypomanic episode
less severe version of manic episode, does not cause marked impairment in social/occupational functioning, needs to last only 4 days versus a week
74
unipolar mood disorder
depression
75
bipolar mood disorder
mania and depression travel from one pole to the other on the mania-depression continuum
76
mixed features
condition in which the individual experienced both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time (maybe called dysmorphic manic episode or mixed manic episode)
77
recurrent
if 2 or more major depressive episodes occurred and were separated by at least 2 months during which the individual was not depressed
78
risk of recurrent MDD episodes by year
year 1: 20% year 2: 40%
79
median lifetime number of MDD episodes
4-7
80
median duration of MDD episodes
4-5 months
81
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood with low self esteem for at least 2 years with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months -considered more severe than MDD -high rates of comorbidity -slower rates of improvement
82
double depression
those who suffer from both MDD episodes and persistent depression with fewer symptoms
83
relapse rate of depression for those meeting criteria of dysthymia
71%
84
MDD age pattern
U shaped -high in early adulthood -low in middle adult -high again as older adults
85
median duration of persistent depression in adults
5 years in adults 4 years in kids \
86
patients with ____ are more likely to attempt suicide
persistent depression and less severe depressive symptoms
87
integrated grief
grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss normal reaction
88
complicated grief
grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life
89
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
clinically significant problems that can occur during premenstrual phase of women's reproductive cycle, can be incapacitating emotional reactions
90
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
91
cyclothymic disorder
chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive disorder
92
average age onset bipolar I
15-18
93
average age onset bipolar II
19-22
94
cyclothymis disorder turning into bipolar disorder
1/3-1/2 of patients developed into full blown bipolar
95
cyclothymia statistics
-60% female -most common age of onset 12-14 -subtypes based on predominance of mild depressive symptoms, hypomanic symptoms or both
96
lifetime prevalence of mood disorder
15%
97
lifetime prevalence of MDD disorder
16%
98
1 year prevalence of major depressive disorder
6%
99
F:M ration of mood disorders
2:1 (mostly MDD and dysthymia

abnormal psych test 2 (2 decks)

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