Mood disorders Flashcards by Victoria Oyedeji

What are the 3 spectrums of mental illnesses?

anxiety disorders
affective disorders
psychoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 types of anxiety disorders?

panic disorder
GAD (generalised anxiety disorder)
OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)
agoraphobia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 types of affective disorder?

major depression
bipolar disorder
dysthymia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 types of psychoses?

schizophrenia
schizoaffective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 broad types of affective disorder?

only depressive symptoms
oscillation between depression and manic symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is depression?

flattened mood
sadness
feeling worthlessness and guilt
withdrawal from others
changes in sleep and appetite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is mania?

abnormally elevated mood
intense elation or irritability
hyperactivity, talkativeness, distractibility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the diagnostic criteria for MDD (major depressive disorder)?

depressed mood OR loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia) for a minimum of 2 weeks, that is not due to normal bereavement, plus any 5 of these: :
Sleep
Interest
Guilt
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Psychomotor retardation
Suicidality

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

sadness
loss of interest/pleasure
overwhelmed
anxiety
excessive/inappropriate guilt
diminished ability to think/concentrate
indecisiveness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the physical symptoms of depression?

vague aches and pains
headache
sleep disturbances
fatigue
back pain
significant change in appetite resulting in weight loss/gain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the somatic consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

cognitive impairment
obesity
diabetes mellitus
heart disease
mortality
cancer
disability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the somatic consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD)?

cognitive impairment
obesity
diabetes mellitus
heart disease
mortality
cancer
disability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the symptom variation between children and adults with depression?

children - stomach aches and headaches
older adults - distractibility and forgetfulness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

MDD is twice as common in women than men. True or False?

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is bipolar disorder?

bipolar disorder usually involves episodes of depression alternating with mania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is mania?

a state of intense elation or irritability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are mixed episodes?

symptoms of both mania and depression in the same week

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is hypomania?

symptoms of mania but less intense with four or more days of elevated mood and does not interfere with functioning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypomania alone is a DSM diagnostic category. True or False?

False - hypomania alone is not a DSM diagnostic category

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain what the 3 forms of bipolar are?

bipolar I - at least one episode/mania/mixed episodes
bipolar II - at least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania
cyclothymia - milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder that lasts at least 2 years with numerous periods with hypomanic and depressive symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the DSM-5 Criteria for manic and hypomanic episodes?

elevated, expansive, or irritable mood plus 3 of the following (4 if mood is irritable):
psychomotor agitation
excessive talking or pressured speech
flights of ideas; racing thoughts
reduced need for sleep
grandiosity or inflated self esteem
easily distractible
excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with negative consequences

According to the DSM-5 Criteria, how long do symptoms have to have lasted for manic episodes?

symptoms last for 1 week OR require hospitalisation
symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

According to the DSM-5 Criteria, how long do symptoms have to have lasted for hypomanic episodes?

symptoms last at least 4 days with clear changes in functioning but impairment is not marked

What are the 3 subtypes of depressive and bipolar disorders?

SAD (seasonal affective disorder)
postpartum onset
melancholic

What is SAD?

seasonal affective disorder is characterised by episodes that happen regularly at a particular time of the year. It is more common in Scandinavian countries e.g. Norway/Sweden, with lack of sunlight

What are the effects of SAD?

impacts the body's normal circadian rhythm

What is postpartum onset?

occurs as a result of huge changes in progesterone levels. This happens within 4 weeks of giving birth

What is melancholic?

inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

How does genes affect MDD?

MDD clusters within families 1st degree relatives of patients with MDD has a 3x increased risk of MDD

What is the limitation of genes as a cause of MDD?

Genetic variants confer an increased risk only in the presence of exposure to stressors and other adverse environmental circumstances

What factors affect MDD?

genes environment genes and environment endocrine system brain chemicals brain regions immune system

What factors affect MDD?

genes environment genes and environment endocrine system brain chemicals brain regions immune system

What is the main determinant of environmental factors in the cause of MDD?

The stress response

What are the 2 types of stress?

chronic stress acute stress

What neurotransmitters are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD?

serotonin (5-HT) noradrenaline (NA)

How are serotonin and noradrenaline associated with MDD?

they are associated with low levels of 5-HT and NA

How are serotonin and noradrenaline associated with mania?

they are associated with high levels of NA and low levels of 5-HT

What is the function of the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

important in regulating and inhibiting our response to emotions

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

key brain region involved in the executive functions including cognition and emotions

What is the function of the hippocampus?

memory formation (good and bad)

What is the function of the amygdala?

fear processing

What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex?

connected to both the "emotional" limbic system and the "cognitive" prefrontal cortex

How does the immune system affect MDD?

MDD is an inflammatory disorder with prior severe infections and autoimmune diseases increasing the risk of developing MDD patients with MDD show increased serum levels of cytokines e.g. TNF and IL-6

What are the 3 main classes of drug treatment for depression?

tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs/SNRIs MAOIs

What class of drug treatment is first line and why?

SSRIs because of their favourable side effects

Name 5 tricyclic antidepressant drugs

clomipramine amitriptyline doxepin imipramine desipramine

What are the preferred uses of tricyclic antidepressants?

depression with: pain fibromyalgia migraine insomnia

What are the least preferred uses of tricyclic antidepressants?

overweight patients suicidal patients cardiac patients patients with dementia patients in whom anticholinergic effects would be problematic

What are some of the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?

weight gain drowsiness sedation postural hypotension

What are the consequences of tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

confusion convulsions tachycardia hypotension ventricular arrhythmia which can lead to death suicide

How do you treat tricyclic antidepressant overdose?

removal of the remaining drug in the stomach anticonvulsant agent (diazepam) antiarrhythmic drugs and further cardiac support