MOOD AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Flashcards
Criteria for Depressive disorder
Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
diminisged interest in activities
weight loss/gain
Insomnia or Hypersomnia
fatigue/loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness/guilt
Thoughts of death/suicide
Criteria for a Manic Episode
Criteria A:
abnormally elevated mood
increased goal directed activity
Criteria B:
Inflated self esteem
decreased need for sleep
thoughts are racing
easily distracted
increased invlvement in high risk behaviours
Biochemical Explanation of Mood affective Disorders
Dopamine: responsible for feelings of motivation and pleasure. low levels could lead to symptoms of depressive disorder
Serotonin: regulates sleep, appetite, mood and anxiety
Genetic Explanation of Mood affective Disorders
Give the features of Becks Depression Inventory
a) It utilises a 4-point rating scale, ranging from 0 to 3, with 0 being the lowest and 3 being the highest
b) It is a 21 item questionnaire
c) It has questions on sadness, guilt, suicidal ideation give (examples of questions)
d) The scoring: 0-10 normal mood disturbance, 21-30 moderate depression, over 40- extreme depression
It is either self administered or clinicially rated
Psychological explanations: Explain BEcks Cognitive Theory of Depression
looks at cognitive distortion (Sees things in a negative way). The negative views held form the reality for that person
Negative views abt themselves -> about the world-> abt the future
Explain learned Helplessness
- An individual learns that they are unable to control an unpleasant situation, and so eventually they stop trying to resist it
Be believed that depression was as a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcome of your situation
- If something bad happens, they’ll feel its their fault (internal) that it will stay this bad forever (stable) or that more things are likely to go bad now (global)
Describe the Biological treatments Of Bipolar and Unipolar disorder
SSRI’s: SSRI’s specifically block the pre-synaptic reuptake of serotonin. This temporarily increases levels of serotonin as the receptor site, however, the precise long term mechanism of action is unknown
SSRI’s therefore ensure that serotonin is readily available, and are therefore referred to as serotonin agonists. The best known SSRI is fluoxetine (Prozac)
MAOI’s: They block the enzyme monoamine oxidase that breaks down such neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and serotonin. Bc they are not broken down, the neurotransmitters pull in the synapse, leading to a down regulation.
However, they are used far less often because of their consequences/side effects
Electro-convulsive therapy: * Electric shocks are administered directly through the brain for 2-3 seconds, producing a seizure and a series of brief convulsions that usually last for several minutes. In the current practice, treatments are administered 2-3 times peer week, for 6-10 sessions
Side effects generally limited to short term memory and confusion that disappear after a week or 2
Psychological: describe Beck’s Cognitive therapy
Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought processes while they are depressed, and to recognise depressive eras in thinking (cognitive distortions)
the treatment corrects cognitive eras and rrplace them with more realistic thoughts
Give the Features of CBT
interactionalist approach between the client and the therapist
The techniques mainly used involve interviewing, questioning eg: Socratic questioning (qns that help the client dig deeper into their thoughts
- The patient is taught to observe and record their thoughts (journaling) to help them recognise irrational and inaccurate beliefs and statements
The patient is them directed to “catch” automatic, irrational and dysfunctional thoughts, and record them
Describe REBT
Argues that a person becomes depressed because of their perceptions of and attitudes towards things that happen to them in their lives
- The therapy aims to create more constructive and rational patterns of thinking about their lives
Features of REBT
Patients must see that the consequences (C) they experience are due to an activating event (A) and that holding on to negative beliefs (B) is a destructive tendency which is engrained on people over time, but tha these can be challenged, and replaced with healthier thoughts
Treatments are given by ensuring that the therapist disputes those beliefs (D) it involves identifying automatic irrational thoughts and beliefs
- Ultimately, the patient is supported and equipped with strategies of effective living (E)
