MOOD & AFFECT

Question 1

anergia

Answer 1

Lack of energy

Question 2

euthymic mood

Answer 2

average affect and activity

Question 3

Mood disorders

AKA affective disorders

Answer 3

pervasive alterations in emotions that are manifested by depression or mania or both.

Question 4

Mania

Answer 4

a distinct period during which mood is abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable

Question 5

pressured speech

Answer 5

unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without pauses

Question 6

flight of ideas

Answer 6

racing, often unconnected, thoughts

Question 7

Hypomania

Answer 7

a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and some other milder symptoms of mania. Does not impair the person’s ability to function. No psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations)

Question 8

Mixed episodes AKA rapid cycling

Answer 8

person experiences both mania and depression nearly every day for at least 1 week

Question 9

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 9

—one or more manic or mixed episodes usually accompanied by major depressive episodes

Question 10

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 10

—one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode

Question 11

a chronic, persistent mood disturbance characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, loss of appetite, decreased energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of sadness and hopelessness that are milder than those of depression.

Answer 11

Persistent depressive (dysthymic) disorder

Question 12

a persistent angry or irritable mood, punctuated by severe, recurrent temper outbursts that are not in keeping with the provocation or situation, beginning before age 10.

Answer 12

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 13

characterized by mild mood swings between hypomania and depression without loss of social or occupational functioning.

Answer 13

Cyclothymic disorder

Question 14

characterized by a significant disturbance in mood that is a direct physiological consequence of ingested substances such as alcohol, other drugs, or toxins.

Answer 14

Substance-induced depressive or bipolar disorder

Question 15

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 15

• has two subtypes
• winter depression or fall-onset SAD, people experience increased sleep, appetite, and carbohydrate cravings; weight gain; interpersonal conflict; irritability; and heaviness in the extremities beginning in late autumn and abating in spring and summer.
• spring-onset SAD, is less common, with symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, and poor appetite lasting from late spring or early summer until early fall.
• SAD is often treated with light therapy

Question 16

Postpartum or “maternity” blues

Answer 16

is a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring in the first several days after delivery of a baby. Symptoms include labile mood and affect, crying spells, sadness, insomnia, and anxiety. The symptoms subside without treatment, but mothers do benefit from the support and understanding of friends and family

Question 17

Postpartum depression

Answer 17

• most common complication of pregnancy in developed countries
• The symptoms are consistent with those of depression
• onset within 4 weeks of delivery

Question 18

Postpartum psychosis

Answer 18

a severe and debilitating psychiatric illness, with acute onset in the days following childbirth.

• Symptoms begin with fatigue, sadness, emotional lability, poor memory, and confusion and progress to delusions, hallucinations, poor insight and judgment, and loss of contact with reality.
• This medical emergency requires immediate treatment. -Women who have a history of serious mental illness are at higher risk for a postpartum relapse, even if they were well during pregnancy

Question 19

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 19

a severe form of premenstrual syndrome and is defined as recurrent, moderate psychological and physical symptoms that occur during the week before menses and resolving with menstruation.

Question 20

Nonsuicidal self-injury AKA self-mutilation

Answer 20

involves deliberate, intentional cutting, burning, scraping, hitting, or interference with wound healing.
-Some persons who engage in self-injury (sometimes called self-mutilation) report reasons of alleviation of negative emotions, self-punishment, seeking attention, or escaping a situation or responsibility.

Question 21

Kindling

Answer 21

the process by which seizure activity in a specific area of the brain is initially stimulated by reaching a threshold of the cumulative effects of stress, low amounts of electric impulses, or chemicals such as cocaine that sensitize nerve cells and pathways.

• kindling may underlie the cycling of mood disorders as well as addiction.
• Anticonvulsants inhibit kindling; this may explain their efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Question 22

Neuroendocrine Influences

Answer 22

Mood disturbances have been documented in people with endocrine disorders, such as those of the thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, and pituitary glands.

Question 23

Serotonin Syndrome

Answer 23

Serotonin syndrome occurs when there is an inadequate washout period between taking MAOIs and SSRIs or when MAOIs are combined with meperidine

Question 24

Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms

Answer 24

• Change in mental state: confusion and agitation
• Neuromuscular excitement: muscle rigidity, weakness, sluggish pupils, shivering, tremors, myoclonic jerks, collapse, and muscle paralysis
• Autonomic abnormalities: hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypersalivation, and diaphoresis

Question 25

Absolute, dichotomous thinking

Answer 25

Cognitive Distortion: Tendency to view everything in polar categories (i.e., all or none, black or white)

Question 26

Arbitrary inference

Answer 26

Cognitive Distortion:

Drawing a specific conclusion without sufficient evidence (i.e., jumping to [negative] conclusions)

Question 27

Specific abstraction

Answer 27

Cognitive Distortion:
Focusing on a single (often minor) detail while ignoring other, more significant aspects of the experience (i.e., concentrating on one small [negative] detail while discounting positive aspects)

Question 28

Overgeneralization

Answer 28

Cognitive Distortion:
Forming conclusions based on too little or too narrow experience (i.e., if one experience was negative, then all similar experiences will be negative)

Question 29

Magnification and minimization

Answer 29

Cognitive Distortion:
Overvaluing or undervaluing the significance of a particular event (i.e., one small negative event is the end of the world or a positive experience is totally discounted)

Question 30

Personalization

Answer 30

Cognitive Distortion:
Tendency to self-reference external events without basis (i.e., believing that events are directly related to oneself, whether they are or not)

Question 31

ruminate

Answer 31

repeatedly going over the same thoughts.

Question 32

Anhedonia

Answer 32

inability to experience pleasure

Question 33

Suicidal ideation

Answer 33

thinking about killing oneself

Question 34

Active suicidal ideation

Answer 34

when a person thinks about and seeks ways to commit suicide

-People with active suicidal ideation are considered more potentially lethal.

Question 35

Passive suicidal ideation

Answer 35

when a person thinks about wanting to die or wishes he or she were dead but has no plans to cause his or her death.

Question 36

Attempted suicide

Answer 36

a suicidal act that either failed or was incomplete.
In an incomplete suicide attempt, the person did not finish the act because (1) someone recognized the suicide attempt and responded or (2) the person was discovered and rescued