MOOD & AFFECT Flashcards
anergia
Lack of energy
euthymic mood
average affect and activity
Mood disorders
AKA affective disorders
pervasive alterations in emotions that are manifested by depression or mania or both.
Mania
a distinct period during which mood is abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable
pressured speech
unrelenting, rapid, often loud talking without pauses
flight of ideas
racing, often unconnected, thoughts
Hypomania
a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and some other milder symptoms of mania. Does not impair the person’s ability to function. No psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations)
Mixed episodes AKA rapid cycling
person experiences both mania and depression nearly every day for at least 1 week
Bipolar I disorder
—one or more manic or mixed episodes usually accompanied by major depressive episodes
Bipolar II disorder
—one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode
a chronic, persistent mood disturbance characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, loss of appetite, decreased energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of sadness and hopelessness that are milder than those of depression.
Persistent depressive (dysthymic) disorder
a persistent angry or irritable mood, punctuated by severe, recurrent temper outbursts that are not in keeping with the provocation or situation, beginning before age 10.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
characterized by mild mood swings between hypomania and depression without loss of social or occupational functioning.
Cyclothymic disorder
characterized by a significant disturbance in mood that is a direct physiological consequence of ingested substances such as alcohol, other drugs, or toxins.
Substance-induced depressive or bipolar disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- has two subtypes
- winter depression or fall-onset SAD, people experience increased sleep, appetite, and carbohydrate cravings; weight gain; interpersonal conflict; irritability; and heaviness in the extremities beginning in late autumn and abating in spring and summer.
- spring-onset SAD, is less common, with symptoms of insomnia, weight loss, and poor appetite lasting from late spring or early summer until early fall.
- SAD is often treated with light therapy
Postpartum or “maternity” blues
is a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring in the first several days after delivery of a baby. Symptoms include labile mood and affect, crying spells, sadness, insomnia, and anxiety. The symptoms subside without treatment, but mothers do benefit from the support and understanding of friends and family
Postpartum depression
- most common complication of pregnancy in developed countries
- The symptoms are consistent with those of depression
- onset within 4 weeks of delivery
Postpartum psychosis
a severe and debilitating psychiatric illness, with acute onset in the days following childbirth.
- Symptoms begin with fatigue, sadness, emotional lability, poor memory, and confusion and progress to delusions, hallucinations, poor insight and judgment, and loss of contact with reality.
- This medical emergency requires immediate treatment. -Women who have a history of serious mental illness are at higher risk for a postpartum relapse, even if they were well during pregnancy
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a severe form of premenstrual syndrome and is defined as recurrent, moderate psychological and physical symptoms that occur during the week before menses and resolving with menstruation.
Nonsuicidal self-injury AKA self-mutilation
involves deliberate, intentional cutting, burning, scraping, hitting, or interference with wound healing.
-Some persons who engage in self-injury (sometimes called self-mutilation) report reasons of alleviation of negative emotions, self-punishment, seeking attention, or escaping a situation or responsibility.
Kindling
the process by which seizure activity in a specific area of the brain is initially stimulated by reaching a threshold of the cumulative effects of stress, low amounts of electric impulses, or chemicals such as cocaine that sensitize nerve cells and pathways.
- kindling may underlie the cycling of mood disorders as well as addiction.
- Anticonvulsants inhibit kindling; this may explain their efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Neuroendocrine Influences
Mood disturbances have been documented in people with endocrine disorders, such as those of the thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, and pituitary glands.
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin syndrome occurs when there is an inadequate washout period between taking MAOIs and SSRIs or when MAOIs are combined with meperidine
Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms
- Change in mental state: confusion and agitation
- Neuromuscular excitement: muscle rigidity, weakness, sluggish pupils, shivering, tremors, myoclonic jerks, collapse, and muscle paralysis
- Autonomic abnormalities: hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypersalivation, and diaphoresis
Absolute, dichotomous thinking
Cognitive Distortion: Tendency to view everything in polar categories (i.e., all or none, black or white)
Arbitrary inference
Cognitive Distortion:
Drawing a specific conclusion without sufficient evidence (i.e., jumping to [negative] conclusions)
Specific abstraction
Cognitive Distortion:
Focusing on a single (often minor) detail while ignoring other, more significant aspects of the experience (i.e., concentrating on one small [negative] detail while discounting positive aspects)
Overgeneralization
Cognitive Distortion:
Forming conclusions based on too little or too narrow experience (i.e., if one experience was negative, then all similar experiences will be negative)
Magnification and minimization
Cognitive Distortion:
Overvaluing or undervaluing the significance of a particular event (i.e., one small negative event is the end of the world or a positive experience is totally discounted)
Personalization
Cognitive Distortion:
Tendency to self-reference external events without basis (i.e., believing that events are directly related to oneself, whether they are or not)
ruminate
repeatedly going over the same thoughts.
Anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
Suicidal ideation
thinking about killing oneself
Active suicidal ideation
when a person thinks about and seeks ways to commit suicide
-People with active suicidal ideation are considered more potentially lethal.
Passive suicidal ideation
when a person thinks about wanting to die or wishes he or she were dead but has no plans to cause his or her death.
Attempted suicide
a suicidal act that either failed or was incomplete.
In an incomplete suicide attempt, the person did not finish the act because (1) someone recognized the suicide attempt and responded or (2) the person was discovered and rescued
