Month 2 Flashcards
Transformational
Causes change in individuals and social systems
Transactional
Relies on rewards and punishments to gain optimal performance from subordinates
Smart power
Ability to understand context so that hard AND soft power can combine
Leadership Orientation Focuses
1) Pervasiveness and variability of political constraints
2) Divergent effects on foreign policy
3) Central role in political explanations of war proneness
Political constraints
Opposition to the regime
Divisions in state leadership
State power vis-a-vis societal actors (extraction of resources)
Forms of Dynamics
Mobilization
Insulation
Accommodation
Mobilization
Prevent defection and appeal to nationalism
Insulation
Contain opposition, reduce constraints on foreign policy choices
Accommodation
Avoidance of domestically controversial actions
Democratization
Less ability to control opposition so must accommodate
Institutionalization
Extent to which political norms are legitimatized
Hagan’s Political Orientations
Moderate/Acquiescent
Pragmatic
Militant
Radical
Moderate/Acquiescent
DO NOT VIEW IR as inherent threat
Recognize significant constraints
Cooperative and diplomatic
Pragmatic
Perceive IR as potentially dangerous
Relatively restrained, complex view of threats
Adversaries do not pose direct threat
Room for diplomacy
Militant
Zero-sum game
IR highly hostile, do not acknowledge diplomacy
Confrontational
Adversaries direct threat
Radical
Zero-sum game
Exaggerate threats to nation
Adversaries are evil
Utilize superior military power only
Diplomacy is laughable
Owen’s factors
Domestic regime type
Who is governing
Domestic cohesiveness
Foreigner’s reaction
Reasons for regime change
1) Change in state preference
2) Ability to gather and process information
Attributes of leaders
1) Beliefs and values
2) Knowledge, experience, interest
3) Perception and cognition
4) Emotion and reason
5) Leader’s management style
6) Risk tolerance
Factors that influence leader attributes
1) Domestic audience
2) Advisors
3) Regime type
4) Decision-making setting
5) Available information and choices
Big 5
Extroversion
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness
Active Positive
Hard work, flexible, outcome-oriented
Active Negative
Rigid, circumvent rules, feeling of inadequacy
Positive Passive
Need acceptance, dependent, ignore own excesses
Passive Negative
Sense of obligation, can’t affect change, low activity
Margaret’s factors
Attitude Towards Contraints and Openness of Information
–Challange Constraints or Respect
–Open or Closed to Info
Market Imperative
National economies are vulnerable to transnational markets
–reinforced quest for international stability
Resource Imperative
every nation has something another needs
Info-Tech Imperative
science is dependent on collaboration; capitalistic tendencies
Jihad
war is not policy, rather emblem of identity
Transfer of power may lead to
a transfer of ideas
Influences on Role Perception
-cultural-ethnic composition of state
-desire for ethnic unity
-sense of belonging to region
End of History Hypothesis
FALSE; insinuates that the post Cold War world would have one westernized culture
Theory of Mcdonaldization
One dominant culture spreads worldwide
-people buy food and democracy (half true)
Clash of Civilizations
rise of 2 axis; west vs east (human rights & religion)
Culture as Product of History
states have ptsd; trauma affects their foreign policy
Culture as Organization of Meaning
stories, pop culture, national myths define national identity and influence view of others
Culture as Value Preferences
participant
subject
parochial
Participant
Active participation of citizens in decision-making
Subject
citizens aware of outcome but do not participate
Parochial
low expectation and awareness of government
Culture as Templates of Human Strategy
assumptions about:
-nature of adversary and threat posed
-efficacy of use of force & useful conditions
States hew towards
the “power line”
NATO
formed to defend against USSR
developed into safeguarding democracy and human rights
BRICS
formed for economic cooperation & investments
developed into NATO competition, independence from US-led economic system
American Exceptionalism
U.S. right to define rules and norms due to “divine providence”; universalization based on own norms
Modernization Theory
Traditional societies develop as they adopt modern practices from modernized nations
Realist v Constructivist on development of security relationships
Realist: Mutual Benefit
Constructivist: Shared values and identities
National Role Conception is the question of…
what do we do?
Interventionist
interfering in the policies of other nations, typically via trade or military
Role acknolwedgment
acknolwedge role and act accordingly
Role task rejection
refuse role tasks due to non-functionality, non-representation or non-tenability
Role task substitution
replace expected tasks with those that are compatible with nation identity
Net Provider of Security
actor providing security duties; supports burden-sharing for public good
