Monosaccharides

Question 1

Aldose

Answer 1

monosaccharide with a carbon backbone chain with a aldehyde group
simplest- glyceraldehyde

Question 2

Ketose

Answer 2

monosaccharide with a carbon backbone and a ketone group

simplest- dihydroxyacetone

Question 3

Anomeric carbon

Answer 3

Carbon that the aldehyde or ketone group is attached to.

Direction of the OH attached to it determines if its alpha or beta

Question 4

D isomer

Answer 4

OH on the right of the highest numbered chiral carbon

Question 5

L isomer

Answer 5

OH on the left of the highest numbered chiral carbon

Question 6

Alpha anomer

Answer 6

OH down

Question 7

Beta anomer

Answer 7

OH Up

Question 8

Sugar acid

Answer 8

The oxidation (loss of H) of aldehyde group in a monosaccharide

Oxidation at C1 - yield adonic acids (“onic” - gluconic acid)
Oxidation at C6- yield uronic acids (“uronic” -glucuronic acid)
Oxidation at C1 & C6- yield aldaric acids (“aric” - glucaric acid)

Question 9

Sugar alcohols

Answer 9

Are formed by the reduction (gain of H) of a monosaccharide.
Each carbon has a OH group attached

Examples- Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Question 10

Deoxy-sugars

Answer 10

reduction of other positions in a monosaccharide with one or more hydroxyl group (OH) replaced by hydrogens (H)

Example- Deoxyribose

Question 11

Amino sugars

Answer 11

one or more hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with a amino group (contains nitrogen)

Example- Chitin (in exoskeletons)

Question 12

Glycosides

Answer 12

is any molecule in which a sugar group (glycon) is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group (non-sugar(aglycon) via a glycosidic bond