monomers and polymers and carbohydrates

Question 1

what is a monomer (examples)
and what is polymer

Answer 1

monomer = smaller units from which larger molecules are made (amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides)
polymers = made from large number of monomers joined together

Question 2

what is a macromolecule and what is an example

Answer 2

A macromolecule is a massive molecule
lipids

Question 3

what is a triglyside

Answer 3

3 fatty acids connected to a glucose molecule

Question 4

what elements are common to all molecules of life

Answer 4

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 5

what are the 4 main groups of carbon based molecules important to all molecules of life and what they have/do.

Answer 5

carbohydrates - respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells also used for structure in cell membranes and cell walls in plants
lipids - can be used as respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, Form a bilayer in cell membranes and make up some hormones
proteins - main component of subcellular structures, form enzymes and chemical messengers
nucleic acids - form polymers (DNA and RNA) which make up the genetic material of a cell and code for the sequence of amino acids creating protines

Question 6

what is a monosaccharide
and a polysaccharide

Answer 6

A singular sugar e.g glucose. The monomers of long chain carboyhdrate polymers
polysaccaride- multiple sugars creating a long chain they include cellulose, starch and glycogen

Question 7

what is a condensation reaction

Answer 7

it joins to monomers together with the formation of a covalent bond and involves the elimination of a water molecule
the monomers are joined by the removal of a OH ion from one and a H from another then the 2 monomers can covalently bond

Question 8

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 8

The reaction breaks the covalent bond between two monomers and involves the use of a water molecule
monomers are separated by the addition of water by adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Question 9

what is a disaccharide

Answer 9

two monosaccharides join through a condensation reaction forming a glycosidic bond between the two OH groups e.g. maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 10

what is glucose and what are its isomers and there structures

Answer 10

Glucose is a hexose sugar that can form a-glucose and b- glucose
on carbon 1 the H and OH are swapped bringing H to the bottom and OH to the top in b-glucose

Question 11

what is the structure of starch

Answer 11

its monosaccharide is a-glucose and is a mixture of polysaccharides ( Amylose and amylopectin)

Question 12

What are the uses of starch

Answer 12

plants use starch as a way of storing excess glucose as it is too large to leave cells and insoluble. starch can be hydrolysed to relaces glucose for respiration

Question 13

what are the properties of glycogen

Answer 13

lots of branches increase surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds allowing glucose to be released quickly when needed for respiration e.g. during exercise. It is also a compact molecule meaning it is good for storage.

Question 14

what are the properties of amylose in starch

Answer 14

coiling makes it compact and stores in a smaller space

Question 15

what are the properties of amylopectin in starch

Answer 15

branches increase the surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds allowing glucose to be released quickly has (1,4 or 1,6 bonds)

Question 16

What is the structure of glycogen

Answer 16

A-glucose
A long branded chain with lots of side branches (more than amylopectin). The glycosidic bond are 1,6.

Question 17

what are the uses of glycogen

Answer 17

Animals store excess glucose as glycogen in the muscles and liver. Glycogen is an energy store as it can be hydrolysed to release glucose quickly when needed for respiration.

Question 18

what is the structure of cellulose

Answer 18

B- glucose
long unbranched straight chains. The glycosidic bonds are 1-4. The cellulose chains are then linked together by hydrogen bonds between the glucose molecules in each chain to form thicker fibres called microfibrils

Question 19

What are the properties of cellulose

Answer 19

The hydrogen bonds between the cellulose chains make the microfibrils very strong but still flexible allowing them to provide support

Question 20

What are the uses of cellulose

Answer 20

cellulose is a major structural component in the cell walls of the plants, it provides support and allows cells to become turgid.