Monogastric Nutrition and Feeding Flashcards
What are the main nutrients to be considered when feeding monogastric species
Energy
Protein
Amino acids (essential)
Macro minerals
Micro minerals
Vitamins
Water
What are the different energy systems used
Gross Energy (GE)
Digestible Energy (DE)
Metabolisable Energy (ME)
Net Energy (NE)
Why are amino acids important for feeding in monogastric species
They are important as they are the building blocks for proteins, which ultimately helps with the building of tissue repair, growth, and various metabolic processes.
Essential amino acids should be present in the right proportion, as they cannot be synthesised by the animal.
What is Gross Energy (GE)
It is the total amount of energy in the feed.
This is not useful as it is not what the animal can use.
What is Digestible Energy (DE)
It is the amount of energy in the feed minus the amount of energy lost in the faeces.
This is easy to measure and it is assumed to be additive.
What is Metabolisable Energy (ME)
It is the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the faeces and urine.
It is more complicated to measure and assumed to be additive.
What is Net Energy (NE)
It is the amount of energy in the feed minus the energy lost in the faeces, urine, and in heat production through digestive and metabolic processes.
It is complicated to measure and can be estimated from nutrients in the diet - but is not additive.
What are Macro Minerals
They are essential minerals that the body requires in relatively large amounts - typically 100 milligrams or more per day
What are some examples of Macro Minerals
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
chloride
potassium
sulphur
What are Micro Minerals
These are essential minerals that the body needs in very small amounts - less than 100 milligrams.
Micro mineral premix is added to the diets.
What are some examples of Micro Minerals
iron
zinc
manganese
copper
cobalt
iodine
molybdene
selenium
What are some examples of fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
These can be stored in the body.
What are some examples of water soluble vitamins
B’s, C, P
These are not stored in the body, therefore need to be supplied in the diet all the time.
Where should the digesta be collected to measure protein/amino acid digestibility
It should be collected from the terminal ileum, which is located at the end of the small intestine. This is because most protein and amino acid digestibility occurs in the small intestine.
What are the uses of antibiotics
- growth promotion
- disease prevention/control
- disease treatment
What are some issues with antibiotics
- residues
- resistance
Why is barley normally not fed to a broiler chicken?
Because there are some non-starch polysaccharides that the chicken is unable to break down.
What is the range in dry matter content of feedstuff fed to pigs?
About 88-90%
What is the maximum inclusion level of blood meal in pig and poultry diet?
About 5% - due to palatability
What enzyme helps with phosphorus absorption?
Phytase (breaks down phytate that binds to phosphorus)
What is the metabolic liveweight?
Liveweight represents the surface area that is proportional to the heat that is lost (raised to the power of 0.75)
In pig, are the energy costs for protein deposition higher or lower than for fat deposition?
It is lower
What is voluntary feed intake
Voluntary feed intake (VFI) refers to the amount of feed an animal consumes when it has free access to food and water, reflecting its natural appetite and nutritional needs.
What factors are influencing voluntary feed intake
(animal, environment, feed)
For animals:
- breed
- gender
- liveweight
- performance (growth, lactation, gestation)
For environment:
- temperature
- humidity
- air quality
- feeder space
- feeder design
Feed:
- bulkiness (fibre content)
- digestibility
- nutrient composition
- palatability
- feed form (mash, pellet, liquid)
- anti-nutritional factors
