Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Livestock production > Monogastric nutrition > Flashcards

Monogastric nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aim of nutrition?

A

Matching nutrient intake to animal nutrient requirements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main nutrients needed? (LO1

A

Energy, Protein, Amino Acids (E AA), EFA, Macrominerals, Microminerals, Vitamins & Water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What affects nutrient intake?

A

Feed composition and Feed intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different energy systems used to calculate “energy absorption”?

A

Gross Energy – Total amount of energy taken in from feed composition.
Apparent Digestible Energy = Gross Energy – Energy in faeces (energy from indigestible energy, EP and MP).
Metabolizable Energy = DE – (Energy from gas (digestion process) + energy in urine (EP + non-utilizable products).
Net Energy = ME – Heat loss from digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most common energy systems to use to calculate nutrient absorption?

A

Digestible Energy – Rough estimate of energy from feed (after loss of faeces). Is easy to measure – i.e. measure nutrient input – faeces nutrient output.
Metabolizable energy – The amount of energy available for use (1st for maintenance – then for production). Energy – (Faeces, Urine and Gas + heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is amount of protein in feed intake not useful for estimating amino acid intake?

A

Correct proportions of essential Amino Acids are needed for efficient utilization in monogastrics. The correct amount of AA needs to be included in diet (as they cannot convert in the rumen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is measuring faecal output of energy not an accurate measure of AA digestibility?

A

Absorption of AA ends at the Ileum in SI. Further modification of AA’s occur in the LI, giving an inaccurate result of AA absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The different types of calculations to measure AA digestibility?

A

Apparent Ileal Digestibility – Digesta is collected @ end of SI. This will include endogenous losses (basal + specific).
True ileal digestibility – Digesta collected at Ileum – Endogenous losses (specific + basal).
Standardized Ileal Digestibility – Apparent Digestibility – Basal. This is the most accurate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the ideal AA balance?

A

The correct proportions of AA/against Lysine needed to be included to be effectively utilised by the body (+ not just used for energy).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do we calculate the limiting ratios first?

A

To calculate balanced essential AA, the limiting AA will limit the highest amount of Lysine that can be used.
Use the limiting AA amount as the base for the rest of the calculations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are EFA’s and why are they important?

A

Essential Fatty Acids are Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) and -Linolenic Acid (Omega 3). The body cannot synthesize them and therefore must be included in diet.

This is important for production – as the fatty acids fed in diet – directly affect the product e.g. milk/beef.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the macrominerals required in the diet?

A 
•	Calcium
•	Phosphorous
•	Magnesium 
•	Sodium
•	Chloride 
•	Potassium
•	Sulfur
These are usually calculated with Gross content – but more accurate would be Ileal digestible values (Ca + P).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Microminerals

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Manganese
  • Copper
  • Cobalt
  • Iodine
  • Molybdene
  • Selenium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are two type of vitamin compositions?

A

Fat soluble – D E A K – Stored in fat.

Water soluble – B C P – Not stored in body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is water an important nutrient?

A

Approximately, 70 – 75% of LW (-fat) is water, with the majority of water filling up space between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are main feedstuff’s used for energy? (LO1)

A

For energy, cereals such as Barley, Maize, Wheat & Tallow are used.
For energy, cereals such as Maize, Wheat, Barley and Sorghum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are common feedstuffs used for protein?

A

For protein – Soybean Meal, Meat and Bone meal, Blood meal & Milk powder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some reasons for upper limits?

A

Wheat – High amounts of NSP + fine milling - Beak problems.
Barley – NSP content.
Sorghum – Tannin content ( young)
Soybean Meal – Price, Trypsin Inhibitor.
Meat and Bone Meal – Mineral & AA imbalances.
Blood meal – Palatability, AA imbalance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Approx range of DM% of feedstuffs?

A

In-between 80-100% DM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What feedstuffs have the highest DE?

A

Tallow, Soybean Oil, Milk powder and Blood meal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What feedstuffs have the highest protein content?

A

Blood meal, Meat and Bone Meal, Canola meal, Soybean meal, Whole and skim milk powder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are AA imbalances corrected?

A

Synthetic amino acids are added. Lysine (main limiting AA), Threonine, Methionine and Tryptophan are added in feed additives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the common feed additives? (LO2)

A
  1. Synthetic essential amino acids.
  2. Vitamins (premix)
  3. Macrominerals
    a. Dicalcium phosphate (Ca + P)
    b. Sodium (Na)
    c. Limestone (CaCO3) (Ca)
  4. Micromineral premix (Cu, Co, Zinc, Se, I etc).
  5. Flavours (young after weaning)
  6. Antibiotics (should not be preventative).
  7. Enzymes
  8. Probiotic & prebiotics.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Common alternatives to antibiotics?

A
  • Large doses of Copper and Zinc post weaning.
  • Probiotics - Lactobacillus + live yeast
  • Prebiotics – small sugars
  • Acids to lower pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are common enzymes to add to feed?

A
  1. Protease
  2. Carbohydrase
  3. Phytase
  4. Lipase
26
Q

What are common anti-nutritional factors found in feedstuff?

A
  1. Enzyme inhibitors
    a. Raw legumes – Protease
    b. Raw cereals - Amylase
  2. Tannins (dark seed plants) - bind with proteins
  3. Phytates – bind to phosphorous.
  4. Non-starch polysaccharides found in Barley, Oats, Wheat and Rye
    a. Betaglucans
    b. Xylans
27
Q

Why are enzymes used in feedstuffs?

A

To maximise nutrient absorption (esp fibre) and reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors.
Improves growth and ADG, and improves food conversion efficiency.

28
Q

What issues could cereals cause in broiler chickens? How can you reduce the issues?

A

Cereals have high amounts of NSP’s  viscous digesta   digestibility and absorption  An increase in wet litter is a management issue and a health issue.
+ Carbohydrase enzymes and probiotics/ reduce cereal content.

29
Q

What influences the inclusion level of feedstuffs?

A

What stage of life the animal is at (e.g. growing, maintenance, broiler, layer etc). Whether they are going through reproductive cycles, such as lactation and pregnancy.

30
Q

Why is pasture the main form of diet for NZ horses?

A

It is close to their natural ecological niche and requires low management and production costs and input.

31
Q

What is the common pasture type used for horses?

A

Perennial ryegrass/white clover.

32
Q

What are the benefits of perennial ryegrass/white clover?

A
  1. High palatability
  2. Meets most macromineral requirements for lactating broodmares and weaned foals.
  3. 60-65% DM digestibility.
  4. 10.3MJ/DE/kg DM in summer  12 MJ/DE/kg/DM in spring.
    a. Cereals have ~ the same with higher costs.
  5. Provides adequate crude protein levels for all stages of life.
33
Q

What additional crops can be added to diet?

A

• Red clover – 11 MJ DE/kg DM – 230 g/kg DM CP.
• Lucerne – 11.5 MJ DE.kg DM – 220 g/kg DM CP.
These crops can be used in times of pasture shortage such as winter, summer and autumn.

34
Q

What needs to be considered when feeding a pasture year-round diet?

A
  • Copper concentrations are typically below requirements.

* Calcium concentrations are marginal.

35
Q

What is metabolic liveweight?

A

Fasted LW is proportional to its body surface area which is approximated to LW to the e of 0.75.

36
Q

What is the maintenance energy requirement?

A

It is the amount of energy needed to maintain body processes and maintain current weight.
It is calculated as a function of MLW = a x LW0.75

Varies depending on species, age, life phase.

37
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Energy needed to maintain adequate temperature when ambient temp is below LCT

38
Q

What is liveweight gain?

A

Either:
• Fat deposition
• Muscle deposition

39
Q

What are other energy requirements needed for production?

A
  1. Foetal growth
  2. Activity
  3. Lactation
  4. Other (wool growth, antler growth, eggs)
40
Q

What is voluntary feed intake?

A

Ad libitum - It is the (feed disappearance/amount eaten) – (feed wastage/left over).
Feed intake affects nutrient intake

41
Q

What factors influence voluntary feed intake?

A

 Breed
 Gender
 LW and Performance

 Temperature
 Humidity
 Air quality
 Feed space and design.

	Fibre content
	Digestibility
	Nutrient Comp
	Taste
	Form and
	anti-nutritional factors.
42
Q

What regulates feed intake

A

 Metabolic factors
o Chemostatic Theory – Blood metabolites rise post feed stimulates satiety.
o Thermostatic theory – Hot environment reduces feed intake.
o Lipostatic theory – Free Fatty acids circulation regulates appetite control.
o Caloric flux theory
o Hormonal theory – Leptin, Ghrelin, CCK and Insulin control food intake.
o Osmotic stimuli to duodenum
 Physical control

 Gut fill

43
Q

What dictates VFI in growing pigs?

A

Gut fill – i.e. the physical constraint of the gut size.
In 13kg BW and 33kg BW growing pigs, the regulator of VFI is gut-fill.
In 107kg BW pigs, they have a better ability to adjust VFI to meet daily DE energy needs.

PROBLEM – if DE , VFI must increase, but in 13kg and 33kg, they cannot physically consume enough.

In 107kg, they can increase or decrease VFI based on DE content better.

44
Q

How does the rec feed intake change throughout Sow/Gilt’s cycle?

A
  1. Flushing effect to increase litter size – increase feed intake post weaning/pre mating.
  2. Reduction of food intake in 1st 3 weeks of gestation – increase embryo survival.
  3. During gestation maintain BCS – 3-4kg food/day.
  4. Increase feed at end of pregnancy – as rapid growth of piglets.
  5. Increase feed quickly in lactation.
  6. Peak lactation – ad libitum – 3 x day.
  7. Drop food down post weaning
    Therefore – food intake depends on reproductive stage.
45
Q

What is the feed intake pattern of Hyline brown chickens?

A

From birth to week 20 – FI  linearly.

During laying – a high feed intake is maintained for production of eggs.

46
Q

What is the feed intake pattern of a growing horse vs a mature horse?

A

0 – 500 kg growing horse, feed intake is ~2-3kg DM/day/100kg LW. It increases linearly up to 500 kg.
In a mature horse – requires ~1.8-3.2 kg DM/day per 100kg LW.

47
Q

What is a least cost diet formulation?

A

Linear programming is used
 Calculation of proportions of raw ingredients available for lowest cost, and meeting of all nutrient requirements for a species of livestock.

48
Q

What is needed to formulate a low-cost formulation?

A

 Raw materials – cost, availability, and quality + COST.

 Diet specifications – Nutrient levels required and constraint/inclusion levels.

49
Q

How can animal nutrient levels be calculated?

A
  1. Daily nutrient requirement calculations + feed intake required.
  2. Summary tables with recommended diet specs for different scenarios.
50
Q

What are ingredient matrices?

A

Ingredient matrices are for tables for specific species that contain various ingredients and nutrient composition of each ingredient.
 It will include protein, fat and energy levels from various animal or plant sources.
 It will include macro and micro mineral levels.
 It will include various energy and protein levels for different life stages.
 It will include inclusion levels and constraints.

51
Q

What are the different phases when processing feed?

A

Receiving raw materials  Grinding  Batching/mixing  Pelleting  Packing/loading

52
Q

What are the main reasons for processing feed?

A 
	 particle size 
	Smaller = better digestive utilisation
	Isolate specific nutrients
	Improve handling (pelleting)\
	Taste
	 storage life
	Detoxify
	Uniform mixture
53
Q

What are examples of different raw materials that will be processed?

A

Unprocessed whole grains  Maize, wheat, barley, sorghum  refined in grinding.
Processed bulk ingredients  alfalfa meal  already processed.
Soft feed ingredients  soybean meal, fish meal, wheat bran  already processed.
Heavy feed ingredients  Limestone, minerals.
Liquids  Fats, oils, enzymes, mould inhibitors
Micro-ingredients  Vitamins, Amino Acids, enzymes, AB’s.

54
Q

Reasons for the grinding phase?

A
  1. Particle size reduction  digestibility
  2.  surface area
  3. Homogenous particle size
  4.  pelleting efficiency
  5. Breaks down proteins
55
Q

Types of grinding equipment?

A

Roller Mill

  • Different size rollers
  • Starts from biggest  smallest.

Hammer Mill

  • Screen size inside dictates how small particle size will go.
  • Rods spin fast and break feed up.
56
Q

Why is the mixing phase the most critical?

A

To ensure optimum growth in livestock, nutrition requirements need to be met. As every meal is important, nutrient uniformity is key for balanced meals.
In young animals, they consume small meals and so essential nutrients need to be at correct levels.

57
Q

What order should ingredients be added in the mixing process?

A

Ingredients should be added from the smallest  largest.

  1. Small amount of Grain + micro/macrominerals/AA/vitamins = homogenous distribution through feed.
  2. Then animal fats/plant fats/oils/tallows
  3. Animal protein/plant protein
  4. Grains
58
Q

What equipment is used for the mixing process?

A

Horizontal mixer

Paddles attached to middle pole and rotate in opposite directions.

Vertical mixer

Food is put in from the top, gravity makes it fall and then is pushed back to the top.

59
Q

What is the purpose of the pelleting phase?

A

To combine small particles into larger particles through the process of 

  1. Moisture
  2. Heat
  3. Pressure
60
Q

What are the phases of the pelleting phase?

A
  1. Steam conditioning - Heat + moisture is added to:
    a. Destroy pathogens
    b. Hydrate
    c. Decrease friction
  2. Pelleting chamber – using pressure the feed is pushed through a pellet die that creates the shape and density of the pellet.
  3. After creating the pellet, they are cut by a knife in the chamber.
  4. After pellet is create – enzymes can be added in liquid form (steam would denature otherwise0.
61
Q

What are the pros + cons of pelleting?

A 
PROS
•	Easy to handle. 
•	Less dusty
•	Nutrients are concentrated – density. 
•	Better feed efficiency. 	CONS
•	Expensive
•	Time-consuming
•	Energy demanding.

Livestock production (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions