Monogastric Feeding Systems

Question 1

What are the monogastric species?

Answer 1

Pigs
Poultry
Horses
Rabbits
Fish
Cats
Dogs

Question 2

What are the main nutrients to be considered when feeding moogastric species?

Answer 2

Energy
Protein
Amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Macro and micro minerals
Vitamins
Water

Question 3

What is the importance of adding amino acids in monogastric animal diets?

Answer 3

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the animal so must be supplemented in the diet

Question 4

What are the macro minerals?

Answer 4

Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Chloride (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Sulphur (S)

Question 5

What are the micro minerals?

Answer 5

Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Copper (Cu)
Manganese (Mn)
Cobalt (Co)
Iodine (I)
Molybdene
Selenium

Question 6

What are all of the vitamins?

Answer 6

A, B’s, C, D, E, K, P

Question 7

What is a fat soluble vitamin?

Answer 7

Can be stored in the body

Question 8

What is a water soluble vitamin?

Answer 8

not stored— needed constantly in the diet

Question 9

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 9

A, D, E, K

Question 10

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 10

B’s, C, P

Question 11

Where should the digesta be collected to measure protein/amino acids digestibility?

Answer 11

End of the small intestine

Question 12

What is the ideal amino acid balance?

Answer 12

A ratio of each amino acid to Lysine, with Lysine at 100

Question 13

What provides the most energy?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates, fat, and protein

Question 14

How much energy is provided in each main component of feed?

Answer 14

Carbohydrates: ~17 MJ/kg
Fat: ~38 MJ/kg
Protein: ~24 MJ/kg

Question 15

What are endogenous losses (EL)?

Answer 15

Amino acids coming from the animal (feces), not the feed. Includes digestive enzymes and cells from the gut.

Question 16

What are the two types of endogenous losses?

Answer 16

Basal EL: not feed (diet independent)
Specific EL: dependent on the feed composition

Question 17

What is true ileal AA digestibility?

Answer 17

Apparent ileal AA digestibility corrected for both basal and specific endogenic losses

Question 18

What is apparent AA digestibility?

Answer 18

The difference between the amino acids in the feed and all amino acids collected from the digesta

Question 19

What is standardized ileal amino acid digestibility?

Answer 19

Apparent digestibility corrected for basal endogenic losses

Question 20

What are the main feedstuffs used to feed monogastric species?

Answer 20

Barley
Maize
Wheat
Soybean meal
Meat and bone meal
Blood meal
Fish meal

Question 21

What are the characteristics of monogastric feedstuffs?

Answer 21

Digestible energy (DE)
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Apparent/true/standardized amino acid content
Fiber (NDF)
Fat content
Macro mineral content

Question 22

What influences the inclusion level of feedstuff in monogastric diet?

Answer 22

Chemical composition, nutritive value, and anti-nutritional factors

Question 23

What are anti-nutrients?

Answer 23

Enzyme inhibitors
Phenolic compounds
Viscous carbohydrates
Phytate

Question 24

What are the common enzymes in monogastrics?

Answer 24

Carbohydrase
Lipase
Protease
Phytase

Question 25

What does carbohydrase do?

Answer 25

Breaks down non-starch polysaccharides

Question 26

What does lipase do?

Answer 26

Breaks down fat

Question 27

What does protease do?

Answer 27

Breaks down protein

Question 28

What does phytase do?

Answer 28

Breaks down phytate

Question 29

What method is used to calculate nutrient requirements?

Answer 29

Factorial method (identify biological processes and sum them)

Question 30

What’s the advantage of using the factorial method to calculate nutrition requirements?

Answer 30

can be used to calculate a range of requirements for animals of different weight, breed, sex, or different levels of production

Question 31

What are the biological requirements for monogastrics?

Answer 31

Maintenance Pregnancy Growth Lactation Activity Thermogenesis

Question 32

What is the metabolic live weight?

Answer 32

The amount of heat produced by a fasted animal (*fasting heat production*), which may be approximated by its liveweight to an exponent, usually ^0.75

Question 33

What is thermogenesis?

Answer 33

The amount of energy needed for an animal to keep warm when the environmental temperature is below its lower critical temperature (LTC)

Question 34

What is liveweight gain?

Answer 34

Fat and protein deposition

Question 35

Maintenance is calculated as a function of what?

Answer 35

Metabolic liveweight

Question 36

What factors influence voluntary feed intake?

Answer 36

Animal: breed, sex, liveweight, performance Environment: temperature, humidity, air quality, feeder space, feeder design Feed: bulk, digestibility, nutrient composition, palatability, feed form, anti-nutritional factors

Question 37

What is appetite?

Answer 37

The desire to eat

Question 38

What is satiety?

Answer 38

The lack of desire to eat

Question 39

What is hunger?

Answer 39

Feed depravation

Question 40

What is the least cost diet formulation?

Answer 40

The cheapest combination of feedstuff that meets the dietary specifications of the animal

Question 41

What information is needed for a least cost diet formulation?

Answer 41

Ingredient composition and cost Dietary specification Daily nutrient requirements Feed intake

Question 42

What are the different phases of feed processing?

Answer 42

Grinding, mixing, pelleting

Question 43

What equipment is used to process feed?

Answer 43

Roller & hammer mills Vertical and horizontal mixers Pelleting chamber

Question 44

What is the purpose of processing feed?

Answer 44

Alters physical form/particle size Improves nutrient utilization Isolates specific parts of an ingredient Improves handling Increases palatability Lengthens storage life Detoxifies ingredients Creates a uniform feed mixture

Question 45

How does grinding modify the characteristics of feed?

Answer 45

Increases surface area for greater nutrition digestion Improves mixing characteristics Decreases segregation and mixing problems Increases pelleting efficiency and quality

Question 46

What are unprocessed whole grains?

Answer 46

Grains that need further processing before being used as feed

Question 47

What are the processed bulk ingredients in food processing?

Answer 47

Alfalfa meals

Question 48

What are some examples of unprocessed whole grains in food processing?

Answer 48

Maize Wheat Barley Sorghum

Question 49

What are the soft feed ingredients in food processing?

Answer 49

Fish meal Soybean meal Wheat bran

Question 50

What are the heavy feed ingredients in food processing?

Answer 50

Limestone Minerals

Question 51

What are the liquids in food processing?

Answer 51

Fat Enzymes Mold inhibitors

Question 52

What are the micro-ingredients in feed processing?

Answer 52

Vitamins Amino acids Enzymes Antibiotics

Question 53

What part of feed processing is considered to be the most critical and essential? Why?

Answer 53

Mixing; to optimize growth, animals need to receive a balanced diet. Improper mixing can imbalance this diet and each pellet can have the wrong mix of components.

Question 54

What is the most common heat treatment process in the feed processing industry?

Answer 54

Pelleting

Question 55

What does a pelleting machine use to make the pellets?

Answer 55

Moisture Heat Pressure

Question 56

Pelleting is what three things?

Answer 56

Expensive Time consuming Energy demanding

Question 57

Why pellet the feed?

Answer 57

Improves feed handling (decreased dustiness and increases density) Improves feed effeciency