Monoclonal antibodies (cognito) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies.

A

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced from a single clone of plasma cells, meaning they are identical and bind to a specific molecule.

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2
Q

Define the terms ‘mono’ and ‘clonal’ in the context of monoclonal antibodies.

A

‘Mono’ means single, and ‘clonal’ means clone, indicating that monoclonal antibodies originate from a single type of cell.

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3
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in disease diagnosis?

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind to specific cell types to identify infected cells, aiding in the diagnosis of diseases.

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4
Q

Explain the role of monoclonal antibodies in disease treatment.

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind to specific cells and can carry therapeutic drugs to those cells, providing targeted treatment.

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5
Q

What is the application of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy testing?

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind to a pregnancy hormone, allowing for the detection of pregnancy in home testing kits.

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6
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies assist in cancer detection?

A

Monoclonal antibodies can bind to specific antigens, such as prostate specific antigens (PSA), to identify certain cancers like prostate cancer.

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7
Q

Describe the ELISA test and its relation to monoclonal antibodies.

A

The Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay (ELISA) test uses monoclonal antibodies to detect both the presence and quantity of protein in a sample.

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8
Q

Describe the purpose of an ELISA test.

A

An ELISA test is used to determine whether a patient has antigens for a pathogen, indicating the presence of a disease.

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9
Q

Define the two types of ELISA tests.

A

The two types of ELISA tests are the direct test, which uses only one antibody, and the indirect test, which uses two antibodies.

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10
Q

How is the indirect ELISA test carried out?

A

The indirect ELISA test involves several steps: adding a sample containing the target protein to a well plate, allowing the target protein to attach, adding a specific antibody that binds to the target protein, and washing out unbound antibodies.

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11
Q

Explain the role of antibodies in the indirect ELISA test.

A

In the indirect ELISA test, antibodies are used to bind specifically to the target proteins that are attached to the well, allowing for the detection of the presence of those proteins.

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12
Q

What happens to unbound antibodies in the indirect ELISA test?

A

Unbound antibodies are washed out during the indirect ELISA test to ensure that only the antibodies bound to the target proteins remain.

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13
Q

Illustrate the first step in the indirect ELISA test process.

A

The first step involves adding the sample containing the target protein to a well plate, where the target protein can attach to the well.

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14
Q

Identify the difference between direct and indirect ELISA tests.

A

The direct ELISA test uses only one antibody to detect the target protein, while the indirect ELISA test uses two antibodies for detection.

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15
Q

Summarize the significance of the ELISA test in medical diagnostics.

A

The ELISA test is significant in medical diagnostics as it helps identify the presence of specific antigens related to diseases, aiding in diagnosis and treatment.

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16
Q

Describe the purpose of washing the well in the indirect ELISA test.

A

Washing the well removes any unbound antibodies, ensuring that only specifically bound antibodies remain for accurate measurement.

17
Q

How does the second antibody function in the indirect ELISA test?

A

The second antibody binds to the first antibody and is attached to an enzyme, which is crucial for the subsequent color change reaction.

18
Q

Define the role of the enzyme in the indirect ELISA test.

A

The enzyme attached to the second antibody acts on a substrate to produce a color change, indicating the presence and quantity of the target protein.

19
Q

Explain the significance of the color change in the indirect ELISA test.

A

The intensity of the color change correlates with the quantity of protein present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

20
Q

What is the sequence of steps in the indirect ELISA test?

A
  1. Wash the well to remove unbound antibodies. 2. Add a second antibody that binds to the first antibody. 3. Wash the well again to remove unbound secondary antibody. 4. Add substrate solution to induce a color change.
21
Q

Illustrate the process of the indirect ELISA test with respect to antibody binding.

A

The process involves binding a primary antibody to the target protein, followed by the addition of a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody.

22
Q

How does the indirect ELISA test indicate the quantity of protein present?

A

The color intensity resulting from the enzyme-substrate reaction provides a visual representation of the protein quantity, with darker colors indicating higher amounts.