monoclonal antibodies

Question 1

antibodies

Answer 1

proteins produced by lymphocytes

only one specific antibody can bind to antigen of one specific pathogen

produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins

Question 2

formation of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 2

inactive antigen injected into mouse

mouse produces lymphocytes for the pathogen

lymphocytes produced the antibodies which are removed from the spleen of mouse

spleen lymphocytes fused with cultured tumor cells called myeloma cella to form hybridomas cells which produce antibodies while reproducing rapidly

Question 3

pregnancy kits

Answer 3

kits use monoclonal antibodies

bind with hormone produced in pregnancy called HCG in urine

HCG present binds to antibodies at end of stick

causing colour change or pattern change

Question 4

cancer diagnosis + treatment

Answer 4

cancer cells have antigens which monoclonal antibodies bind to cancer cells clumps them together
making it easy to identify cancerous tumor which can be treated

carry drug which allows them to bind to tumor
encourages immune system to attack cancer cells

Question 5

other diagnosis

Answer 5

identify infects eg HIV AIDS HERPES CHLAMYDIA