Monoclonal antibodies

Question 1

What is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 1

(Antibodies with the) same tertiary structure

Question 2

After a disease is diagnosed, monoclonal antibodies are used in some medical treatments.

Give one example of using monoclonal antibodies in a medical treatment.

Answer 2

Targets/binds/carries drug/medicine to specific cells/antigens/receptors

OR

Question 3

Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test.

Answer 3

(First) antibody binds/attaches /complementary (in shape) to antigen;

2.   (Second) antibody with enzyme attached is added;

3.   (Second) antibody attaches to antigen;

Accept (second) antibody attaches to (first) antibody (indirect ELISA test).

4.   (Substrate/solution added) and colour changes;

Question 4

The scientists hypothesised that memory B cells had formed in the mice 180 days after the 3rd injection.

Suggest and explain a practical method the scientists could use to test this hypothesis.

Answer 4

  Inject vaccine (again)/meningitis antigen/ inactive antigen/dead/living bacteria/ pathogen/use a booster;

Must refer to antigen or cell, ‘disease’ or ‘meningitis’ is not enough

2.   (Memory cells present if) faster/more rapid production/higher concentration antibody (than 1st injection)

OR

Immune response is quicker (than 1st injection)

OR

Symptoms do not develop;

Accept converse

Must be a comparison

3.   Add enzyme attached to (second) antibody against memory cell;

4.   Colour change shows memory cell present;