Mono-, Di - and Polysaccharides. Flashcards
What is the general formula of a polysaccharide?
(CH2O)n
What are the smallest possible polysaccharides?
Trioses.
All monosaccharides have a carbonyl group, but they can be divided into…
Aldoses and ketoses.
What are the two possible trioses?
Glyceraldehyde (an aldotriose)
Dihydroxyacetone (a ketotriose).
Monosaccharides have chiral centres. Which chiral centre is used to determine whether it is the D (dextrorotatory) or L (levorotatory) enantiomer?
The chiral centre furthest from the carbonyl group.
Since it is impossible to tell which direction a monosaccharide will rotate plane polarised light from its structure alone, which standard molecule is used to assign D- or L-?
Glyceraldehyde.
Which enantiomer has the -OH group on the furthest chiral carbon from the carbonyl group pointing to the right?
D-
Which enantiomer has the -OH group on the furthest chiral carbon from the carbonyl group pointing to the left?
L-
Which enantiomer of monosaccharides is nearly always found in nature, due to the stereospecificity of enzymes?
D-
What determines the different biochemical properties of different monosaccharides, despite the fact that they have the same molecular formula?
The arrangement of atoms around chiral centres other than that furthest from the carbonyl group.
What term is used to describe monosaccharides that differ in only one chiral centre?
Epimers.
Give an example of an epimer of D-glucose. What carbon do they differ at?
D-galactose. They differ at C4.
What reaction converts monosaccharides from linear to ring structures?
Intramolecular cyclisation reactions.
Describe the intramolecular cyclisation reaction of D-glucose to form D-glucopyranose.
Rotation around the bond between C4 and C5 allows the hydroxyl group on C5 to act as a nucleophile, reacting with the aldehyde group on C1. This forms the six-membered pyranose ring. This creates a new chiral centre at C1, called the anomeric carbon.
Why are two different anomers of D-glucopyranose formed?
The hydroxyl group can attack from above or below the plane of the carbonyl group, so an alpha- and beta- form are created.
In alpha-D-glucopyranose, how are the H and OH groups arranged on C4 and C1?
They are oriented the same on both carbons, with the H atom at the top and the OH atom at the bottom.
In beta-D-glucopyranose, how are the H and OH groups arranged on C4 and C1?
They are oriented on opposite sides on each carbon. At C4, H is at the top, and OH at the bottom. On C1, OH is at the top, and H at the bottom.
In solution, the open chain and cyclic forms of glucose are in equilibrium with one another - what is the ratio between them at 30 degrees celsius?
2/3 is in the form of beta-D-glucopyranose, 1/3 is in the form of alpha-D-glucopyranose, and there are only trace amounts in the open chain form.
What is the most stable conformation for cyclic monosaccharides, and why?
The chair form is most stable. There are fewer steric clashes between the hydroxyl groups, as they point outwards and are further apart.