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Computer Science AS level flash card by MonkeyMairs > Monkeys deck for getting an A star > Flashcards

Monkeys deck for getting an A star Flashcards

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1
Q

What is CISC

A

Complex Instruction Set Computer

  • Single Instruction can execute several low operations within single cycle
  • takes less space in memory
  • More expensive
  • Makes programmers life easier
  • Emphasis on hardware
  • High Cycles per second
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2
Q

Application Software

A

Program Designed for user, people who actually use the product

-Communication Software, Digital Graphics, Animation, XBOX

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3
Q

General Purpose Software

A

Software for many purposes

-Word, PowerPoint Etc

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4
Q

Special Purpose Software

A

Specific Task

-Anti virus, Compression tool, Disk Defragmenter etc

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5
Q

Open Source

A
  • Source Code can be accessed and modified by user
  • Usually free
  • Flexible
  • Community Supported
  • No warranty
  • No updates from devs
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6
Q

Closed Source

A

Software where compiled code is released and the source code is closed.

  • Restricts modification
  • Can cost a lot
  • May not fit user needs
  • Comes with warranties
  • Developers can hold copyright and restrict how software can be used
  • Dev support
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7
Q

High Level Language

A

Source code is easy for human to write to , but computer needs to translate it into machine code before they can read it

  • Code is easy to modify
  • Must be translated into machine code
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8
Q

Low level Language

A

Hard for humans to red and write to but easy for computer to run

-Usually written for one type of machine

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9
Q

Sequence

A

Two or more statements executed one after the other, line by line and top down

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10
Q

Selection (Branching)

A

Used to select which statements will be executed next, depending on conditions i.e. IF , ELSE Statements

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11
Q

Iteration

A

Repetition, including Loop programs to repeat a number of statements i.e. FOR , WHILE Loops

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12
Q

Assembly Language

A

Part of low level languages
converted to machine code using assembler
uses mnemonics rather than binary

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13
Q

Assembly Language - (ADD)

A

Addition , add value at given memory address to value in accumulator

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14
Q

Assembly Language - (SUB)

A

Subtract , Subtract the value at given memory address to accumulator

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15
Q

Assembly Language - (STA)

A

Store, Store the value in Accumulator and the given memory address

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16
Q

Assembly Language - (LDA)

A

Load, Load the value at given memory into accumulator

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17
Q

Assembly Language - (INP)

A

Input , Allows the user to input a value which will be held in accumulator

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18
Q

Assembly Language - (OUT)

A

Output, Prints the value currently held in accumulator

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19
Q

Assembly Language - (HLT)

A

Halt, Stops the program at that line

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20
Q

Assembly Language - (DAT)

A

Data, Creates a flag with a label at which data is stored

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21
Q

Assembly Language - (BRZ)

A

Branch If Zero , Branches to a given address if the value in the accumulator is zero, This is conditional

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22
Q

Assembly Language - (BRP)

A

Branch If Positive , Branches to a given address if the value in the accumulator is Positive, This is conditional

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23
Q

Assembly Language - (BRA)

A

Branch If Always , Branches to a given address no matter the value of the accumulator, This is unconditional

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24
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol

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25
Q

IP

A

Internet Protocol

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26
Q

Stages of TCP/IP Stack

A
  1. Application Layer - Specify what is being sent i.e Pop3 , HTTPS etc
  2. Transport Layer - Uses TCP to establish End-to-End connection. Splits data into Packets and labels packet with number
  3. Internet Layer - Adds source and destination IP address and IP port number (socket address). Router uses IP address to forward packet. Socket specifies device being sent to.
  4. Network Access/Link Layer - Physical Connection between network devices. Adds MAC address so packets can arrive at destination properly.
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27
Q

What is Abstraction

A

Abstraction - The process of removing excessive details to arrive at a representation of a problems that consist of only the key features.

-Hides complex information , prevents program from getting too large

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28
Q

Caching

A

Process of storing instruction or values in cache memory after they have been used.
Prefetching algorithms predict which instruction is likely to be fetched soon.
-Less time waiting
-difficult to implement
-accuracy of prefetched algorithm as information is predicted

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29
Q

Thinking Procedurally

A

-Breaks down into smaller parts which are easier to understand

  • First stage - Break down into component parts. Decompose the problem into sub problems. Becomes more feasible to manage and divided between a group of people.
  • Commonly used in top down design.
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30
Q

A Function

A

A subroutine which returns a value

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31
Q

A Procedure

A

A subroutine which does not return a value

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32
Q

Sections of Development in Waterfall and Rapid

A
  1. Feasibility
  2. Requirments
  3. Analysis and Design
  4. Implementation (Code)
  5. Testing
  6. Evaluation
  7. Maintaincance
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33
Q

Waterfall Application

A

Goes from one section to another allowing changes along the way each time. Very simple and fast allowing constant changes back. Well defined start and end. Client can only see product near end.

  • Simple
  • Clear stages
  • Easy to keep to schedule
  • Suitable for large products
  • Carries risk
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34
Q

Rapid Application

A

Goes through cycle similar to waterfall but instead can only revert at the evaluation stage and go back to development, if its good it goes to maintenance. Great for rapidly developing software. Client needed at every stage.

  • Continuous feedback from client
  • Not good for large projects
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35
Q

Spiral

A

A spiral chain with 4 areas being identifying, deigning , construction and evaluation. Spiral starts in the middle with fundamentals and spirals outwards through more depth. Takes longer, More accurate, Thorough, less risk and reliable.

  • Good for large scale projects
  • High costs
  • High skills needed
36
Q

Extreme Programming

A

Mid sized teams producing very high quality code and software. Its about precision and worker Woking together to make high quality code.

  • High quality code
  • Requires programmers to work closely and check over the code
37
Q

Black Box Testing

A

Make sure that the inputs and outputs produce expected result. Testing team

38
Q

White box testing

A

Testing the algorithm of the code to make sure it all works as should. Quality check

39
Q

Alpha Testing

A

Early stages of development, usually by employees, small scale. Employee feedback

40
Q

Beta Testing

A

Beta Testing done during the end of development. is done commercially as software is almost ready

41
Q

What is RISC

A

Reduced Instruction Set Computer

  • Simple instructions such as LOAD/STORE
  • Takes more cycles for complex tasks
  • Less heat
  • Emphasis on software
  • Larger Code Sizes
  • Smaller and cheap
42
Q

Von Neuman Architecture

A
  • Shared memory space for instruction and data
  • instructions and data stored in the same format
  • a single control unit
  • one instruction at a time
  • fast access to instructions and data
  • 1 data bus going back and forth with main memory and CPU
43
Q

Harvard Architecture

A
  • Instructions and data stored in separate memory
  • Each has its own bus
  • reading and writing can be done at the same time as fetching
  • used by RISC Processors and embedded systems
44
Q

BIOS

A

BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEMS

  • Responsible for loading OS
  • First checks all hardware is connected and working using the power-on-self-check (POST).
  • BOOT loader or BOOTSTRAP load the OS is kernel memory allowing OS to take over
  • Initial start-up stored in ROM
  • BIOS Settings stored in Flash Memory
45
Q

Ethics Card

A
  • Technology is taking low skilled jobs, this impacts the customer, emplyees,company and communities (Other business/local area
  • Automated Decision Making, Computer making decisions on rules and parameters with no human involvement.
  • AI (Artificial Intelligence), Applied/Weak/Narrow AI = Designed to manage specific task , most common AI. generalised Ai = Can evolve to handle other tasks through machine learning

-Machine Learning - A machine learning without instructions
Robot - A machine that carries out work following instructions

  • Ethics with AI , Accountability, Safety Legal liability for loss of life, algorithm bias/priorities certain outputs.
  • Environmental impacts - 2% of global energy is in data storage. Computers contain toxins like Cadmium, Mercury and Aluminium and if disposed wrong can affect local communities , especially in poorer countries.

-Censorship, ISP in UK block access to extreme politics, Extreme adult content and copyright infringement. Passive monitoring is CCTV and forced tracking is police or work based tracking employees or criminals.
Data collection is when a computer collects personal information on the user through search history , web browsing , chats , shopping etc.

Software Piracy - User illegally accessing paid services for free. The company can protect their content through copyright , trademark and licensing.

  • Computer Misuse Act - Unauthorised access to computer material , intent to commit offense
  • Data Protection Act - Use data fairly, lawfully, transparency, specific and accurate. must not be kept for longer than necessary.
46
Q

Thinking Logically

A

-Logical Decisions

  • identifying points in a solution where a decision needs to be made.
  • Determine the logical conditions that affect the outcome of a decision
  • Determine how decisions can affect the flow of program
  • Determine conditions like IF statements.
47
Q

Round Robin Scheduling

A

Its gives each process an equal set amount of time to complete and if it fails to complete in the time window it is set to the back of the queue

48
Q

First Come First Serve (FCFS)

A

The first process to request the services of the CPU is served , all processers are queued up in the order they arrive. This is bad performance for a PC

49
Q

Shortest Job First

A

Algorithm Prioritises the shortest and fastest jobs first.

50
Q

Shortest Time Remaining

A

Algorithm will prioritise the job with the shortest processing time remaining. This multitasking algorithm is fairly efficient at finishing as many jobs as possible

51
Q

Multi-level feedback Queue

A
  • Algorithm makes use of a range of queues, with each queue given a different priority. ensures the CPU works as efficiently as it can.
52
Q

Paging

A

Main memory divided into fixed size blocks called page frames and programs are divided into blocks (4kb) sizes called pages. pages are swapped between secondary storage and the page frames as necessary.

  • Pages are physical divisions of memory
  • pages are small
53
Q

Segmentation

A
  • Segmentation is when main memory is divided into variable size blocks called segments where each segment corresponds to a program routine
  • Splits program logically
  • Segments logically divided
  • no physical split
  • variable size
54
Q

Device Drivers

A

Enable OS to control and communicate with devices

55
Q

OS types

A
  • Embedded - Washing machine
  • Real time - Heart rate monitor
  • Multiuser - super computer server
  • Multitasking - Desktop PC
56
Q

ALU

A

Arithmetic Logic Unit

deals with basic arithmetic such as binary addition or subtraction

57
Q

CU

A

Control Unit
-Coordinates the various units inside the processor using control signals. instructions are decoded in the control unit during fetch decode execute

58
Q

PC

A

Program Counter

Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed

59
Q

MAR

A

Memory address register, Contains the address of the memory location in use

60
Q

MDR

A

Memory Data Register, Contains instructions/data to be executed

61
Q

CIR

A

Current instruction Register , Holds the instruction whilst its decoded

62
Q

ACC

A

Accumulator, Stores the results of calculations by ALU

63
Q

Pipelining

A

Pipelining improves the performance of the CPU, whilst the processor is decoding an instruction, the next instruction can be fetched from memory

64
Q

Factors Affecting CPU

A

Cores - Each core operates independently each having there own FDE cycles and tasks
Clock Speed - How many FDE cycles per second the CPU can perform i.e. 3.4GHz 3.4 Billion cycles per sec
Cache Memory - Faster than RAM, close to registers, expensive, used for frequently used tasks like parts of OS

  • Temperature
  • Bus width
  • Register size
65
Q

Data Bus

A

Data transmitted between CPU and memory. Can travel either direction 1 at a time

66
Q

Address Bus

A

Data is saved/loaded from memory. it travels along address bus. the CPU only ever sends out address bus , not receive it

67
Q

Control Bus

A

When the control unit sends and receives signals, they travel along the control bus

68
Q

Compiler

A

Translate all the source code at the same time and create executable files
Only needed once to create executable file
Returns a list of errors
Can take long

69
Q

Interpreter

A

Translate and runs source code, does one instruction at a time and doesn’t create an executable file
Needed every time you want to run a program
Slow as code is being translated

70
Q

Assembler

A

Uses low level source code to translate assembly language into machine code

Each assembly code is equal to one machine code instruction.
Each program has a different assembler

71
Q

Dedicated servers

A

Keeps running all of the time. Server farms​
Better Performance/Handles lots of traffic/Less lag​
Better Security. ​
If the server goes down , the whole game shuts off​

72
Q

Listen Server

A

Halfway between dedicated client server and peer to peer. Host acts as temporary server.​
Free​
Dependent on hosts internet.​
If host leaves , host migration goes to another player.​

73
Q

Peer-to-peer

A

Cheaper​
Slows down the more users trying to get in​
If one goes down , others still stay up​
Data is sent as raw streams/ Player count limited​
More users = more slow server
Limited amount​
No need for pc in charge on network/all equal​
Simpler and lower cost​

74
Q

Client-server

A

One pc acts as network controller ​
Network access centrally controlled ​
More complex.​

75
Q

Modem

A

Transforms digital information from your computer into analogue signal that can be transmitted through wires

Two ports

  • one that connects to outside world
  • An ethernet port for router or computer
76
Q

Router

A

Mainly responsible for routing data

  • between devices on small home network
  • between devices on a network and internet
77
Q

Cables

A

Twisted pair - cable made up of pair of insultated copper wires. more affordable and provide low bandwidht

Coaxile -

78
Q

Cables

A

Twisted pair - cable made up of pair of insulated copper wires. more affordable and provide low bandwidth

Coaxial - Moderate bandwidth , more expensive than twisted but cheaper than fibre optic - good for radio transmissions

Fibre Optic - High Bandwidth and most expensive. for long distance data transfer

79
Q

Network interface card

A

Allows a computer to connect to a network

80
Q

Wireless Access Point (WAP)

A

Device that creates a wireless local area network (WLAN)

81
Q

Hub

A

Allows you to connect multiple devices to one network on a physical layer . much slower than a switch for data transfer

82
Q

Switch

A

Allows you to connect multiple devices to one network on a data link layer. much faster than a hub at data transfer

83
Q

Virtual Memory

A

when main memory is running low it can use virtual memory within the hard disk to run other tasks - much slower

84
Q

Sign and Magnitude

A 
1 = negative
0 = Postive

e.g 10000101 = -5
0000101 = 5

85
Q

Twos complement

A

Most significant bit is negative

e.g

00010001 = 17
1110111 = -17

for positive number start with 0 , for negative number start with 1

86
Q

Normalised Floating point

A

All positive normalised floating point numbers start with 01

All negative normalised floating point numbers start with 10

Computer Science AS level flash card by MonkeyMairs (1 decks)

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