monke Flashcards
the process of developing physical and biological characteristics over a period of time.
evolution
proposed that the current human race spurred from a line of primates that evolved through the “survival of the fittest,” wherein primitive species competed with each other for survival.
theory of evolution
● developed bipedalism or the ability to walk upright
● brain size was estimated to be 35 percent larger than the Australopithecus africanus
● had smaller teeth compared to Australopithecines
● diet included a variety of plants and Homo habilis meat
Homo habilis
● further enhanced bipedal activities
● characterized by bigger bodies, strong muscles at the back of the neck, shallow forehead, and elongated brain case
● diet included an increased consumption of meat
homo erectus
● characterized by a high forehead, small teeth and jaw, and defined chin
● average brain capacity of 82 cubic inches
● constructed and used tools for survival
● developed a symbolic communication system
homo sapiens
is the only source of knowledge in understanding the lifestyle and developments that occurred in each transitional stage of human evolution.
artifactual evidence
the transmission and development of skills, languages, customs, and behavior from one generation to another.
cultural evolution
● It included the Oldowan hominins who used flakes and stones.
● The earliest stone tools were developed by the Homo habilis.
● The development of Acheulian tools, such as the hand ax, took place during the time of the Homo erectus.
lower paleolithic (3 million years ago)
● There were more developed stone tools.
● Homo neanderthalensis were prominent users of stone tools.
● The period is characterized by Mousterian tools that are known for their sharp edges.
middle paleolithic (120,000 years ago)
● Tools were decorated with more intrinsic designs.
● This period is associated with the emergence of Cro-Magnon Homo sapiens.
● Tools included sticks, sharp blades, harpoons, and spearheads made with the punch-blade technique.
upper paleolithic (35,000 years ago)
● Smaller and finer tools were used.
● Blades were incorporated in wood or bone.
● There was evidence of trading between groups to gather materials for tools.
mesolithic (12,000 years ago)
● This period was characterized by the domestication of crops.
● The period cemented trading practices and opened doors for the development of new tools.
● This period officially ended hunting-gathering practices.
neolithic (10,000 years ago)
a place where all members of the group gather and share their resources
camp
the era of lifestyle where humans started domesticating animals and crops
neolithic revolution
a historical region that is now divided into the present-day Iraq and parts of present-day Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey
mesopotamia
when did humans start domesticating animals and crops
12,000BC
two important developments in the sumer region of mesapotamia at around 4000BC
the rise of city-states
the invention of writing
a government composed of a king/queen
Greek kings were deposed by noblemen
monarchy
used to be a positive term for a Greek leader
in ancient Greece were rulers who held power despite not being part of the hereditary aristocracy
tyrants
proposed that power must account for the citizens of the state.
free and slave-owning men
Rulers were made up of aristocracies.
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
oligarchy
