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AP World History > Mongols- Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Mongols- Chapter 12 Flashcards

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0
Q

In the Mongol empires, what was the name of the leader who made final decisions?

A

Khan

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1
Q

A way of life, forced by scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water

A

Nomadism

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2
Q

Which 3 religions were prominent in the Mongol empires?

A

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam

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3
Q

In addition to Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, which practice dominated Mongol religions?

A

Shamanism- the idea that special individuals had contact with the supernatural

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4
Q

Genghis Kahn initiated what in 1206?

A

Two decades of political aggression and conquest

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5
Q

Between 1206 and 1221, Genghis made military advances against which 3 empires?

A

The Tanggut, the Jin, and Khwarezm (Iran)

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6
Q

Who was Genghis Kahn’s successor?

A

Ögödei, his son (1227)

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7
Q

Ögödei conquered which territories?

A

Tanggut and Jin (finished destruction), Northern China, Southern Song.

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8
Q

Genghis’ grandson Batu conquered which territories?

A

Kieran Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary

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9
Q

What caused the suspension of Mongol conquest in Europe in 1241?

A

Death of Ögödei

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10
Q

What major event happened under the rule of Genghis’ grandson, Güyük?

A

Execution of last Abbasid caliphate

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11
Q

What was Genghis Kahn’s original objective for expansion?

A

Collecting tribute

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12
Q

What was Ögödei’s objective in conquests?

A

Rule a united empire based at Karakorum, his capital.

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13
Q

Which Mongol group controlled much of Russia?

A

The Golden Horde

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14
Q

Which Mongol group dominated Central Asia?

A

Jagadai

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15
Q

What caused Mongol unity to unravel in 1265?

A

Death of Ögödei, Khubilai declared himself great Khan and branch of Jagadai refused to accept him.

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16
Q

The Yuan empire (China and Siberia) was founded by who?

A

Khubilai Kahn

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17
Q

What was the capital of the Yuan empire?

A

Beijing (old Jin capital)

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18
Q

What factors caused Jagadai to become an independent Mongol center?

A

Relations with Turkic-speaking nomads and a hatred of Khubilai.

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19
Q

What did Khubilai do with the conquered regions of northern and southern Vietnam?

A

Made them tribute states

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20
Q

What did Southern Vietnam provide the Mongols with as tribute?

A

Champa rice

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21
Q

What 2 regions did Khubilai’s conquests fail at overtaking?

A

Java and Japan (twice)

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22
Q

What two factors allowed the Mongols to overtake their enemies although they were often outnumbered

A

Extraordinary riding skills and superior bows

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23
Q

The Mongols charged at infantrymen with which 4 weapons?

A

Sword, javelin, mace, and lance.

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24
Q

The Mongols met their match only at which battle?

A

The Battle of Ain Jalut against Turkic-speaking mamluks.

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25
Q

The Mongols built which military weapon based on Chinese models?

A

Catapult

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26
Q

The Mongols used the catapult to destroy which cities?

A

Iran and Iraq

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27
Q

Those who surrendered to the Mongols provided them what?

A

Men to the armies

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28
Q

Trade brought what 3 products to the Middle East and Europe?

A

Silk, artistic motifs, and porcelain

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29
Q

Trade in the Mongol courts what 4 diseases?

A

Bubonic plague, Typhus, smallpox, and influenza.

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30
Q

Who were the main carriers of the bubonic plague?

A

Flea-infested rats traveling on trade ships

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31
Q

Plague incapacitated the Mongols during their attack on which city?

A

Kaffa

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32
Q

Flea-infested rats reached Europe from what city?

A

Kaffa by trade ships

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33
Q

What was the great pandemic of 1347-1352?

A

The combination of disease that spread from the Mongols to Kaffa to Europe.

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34
Q

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans

A

Bubonic plague

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35
Q

A “secondary” khan based in Persia.

A

Il-Khan

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36
Q

Il-Khan state was established by who?

A

Hülegü

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37
Q

The Il-Khan state controlled which 4 territories?

A

Iran, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.

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38
Q

Mongol Khanate established in Southern Russia

A

Golden Horde

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39
Q

The Golden Horde was founded by who?

A

Genghis Kahn’s grandson, Batu.

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40
Q

The Golden Horde capital was established where?

A

Sarai on the Volga River

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41
Q

The two secondary khanates ruled over an indigenous people of what religion?

A

Muslim

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42
Q

The two secondary khanates ruled over a population that spoke mostly what language?

A

Turkic

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43
Q

Why did the Il-Khan state accept Muslim faith into their administration before the assaults on the Middle East?

A

Hülegü, although Buddhist himself, had a trusted Shi’ite advisor and granted privileges to the Shi’ites.

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44
Q

In what ways did Mongol practices clash with Muslim doctrine?

A

Mongols worshipped Buddhist and shamanist idols. They also drank blood and slaughtered their animals differently.

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45
Q

When did Islam first become a point of inner-Mongol tension?

A

When Batu’s successor declared himself a Muslim (Golden Horde)

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46
Q

Both secondary khanates laid claim to which region?

A

The Caucuses

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47
Q

In the conflict against the Golden Horde over the Caucasus, who did the Il-Khans ally with and why?

A

European leaders because such leaders believed that aiding the Mongols would result in the Il-Khan helping relieve pressure on the crusader principalities.

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48
Q

In the conflict over the Caucasus, the Golden Horde allied with who?

A

The Muslim Mamluks in Egypt

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49
Q

What happened that ended the European’s chances of getting crusade help from the Il-Khans?

A

The new ruler, Ghazan, declared himself a Muslim (1295)

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50
Q

What was Ghazan’s view toward theology?

A

Casual/neutral- he didn’t affiliate with Sunnis or Shi’ites

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51
Q

What did the Il-Khans use to collect wealth from their subjects?

A

Tax farming

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52
Q

What happened as a result of heavy tax farming?

A

Agriculture rapidly declined

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53
Q

What did the Il-Khan government do to combat agricultural decline?

A

Took land to grow its own grain

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54
Q

The Mongol economic decline led to the revival of what practice that was formerly used in China?

A

Paper money

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55
Q

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols’ Jagadai Khanate; through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran.

A

Timur

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56
Q

Timer consolidated the status of which Muslim sect?

A

Sunnis

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57
Q

What was the name of the new leader who maneuvered himself into command of the Jagadai forces?

A

Timur

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58
Q

Timor launched military campaigns where?

A

Western Eurasia

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59
Q

What prevented Timur from assuming the title Khan?

A

He was Turkish in descent

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60
Q

Juvanai, historian, wrote what?

A

He first comprehensive narrative l of Genghis’ empire

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61
Q

Adviser to the Il-Khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice.

A

Rashid’s al-Din

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62
Q

Rashid al-Din’s work consisted of what?

A

Attempt at the first history of the world, earliest known general history of Europe, and a detailed description of China

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63
Q

Ghazan converted to which religion?

A

Islam

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64
Q

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

A

Nasir al-Din Tusi

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65
Q

What was the Il-Khan capital?

A

Tabriz

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66
Q

Copernicus based his model off the work of what cosmologist?

A

Nasir al-Din Tusi

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67
Q

Under the Il-Khan empire, which scientific and mathematical advancements were made?

A

Prediction of ellipses, astrolabes, armillary spheres, three-dimensional quadrants, decimal notation, and an accurate value of pi

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68
Q

What was the main matter of political rivalry for the Mongols?

A

Islam

69
Q

Under the Il-Khans and Timurids, which 2 regions experienced a flowering of Islamic culture?

A

Iran and Central Asia

70
Q

What advancements were made under the Il-Khan by Jamshid al-Kashi?

A

Decimal notation, and a proposed value of pi.

71
Q

What was the capital of the Golden Horde?

A

Sarai.

72
Q

To facilitate control, the Golden Horde granted privileges to who?

A

The Orthodox Church

73
Q

Under the Golden Horde, which language gained prominence?

A

Russian

74
Q

Who did the Golden Horde enlist to handle taxes and the census?

A

Russian princes

75
Q

Describe the cause of Mongol economic problems under the Il-Khans

A

The flow of silver and gold into Mongol hands starved the local economy

76
Q

What did the Il-Khan government do to try and combat their economic problems?

A

Introduced an (unsuccessful) attempt at paper money

77
Q

Prince of Novgorod

A

Alexander Nevskii

78
Q

Who persuaded fellow Russian princes to submit to the Mongols?

A

Alexander Nevskii

79
Q

What did the Mongols do in return, for Alexander Nevskii?

A

Favored Novgorod and Moscow

80
Q

Which 2 towns eclipsed Kiev as centers of political, cultural, and economic centers?

A

Novgorod and Moscow

81
Q

The 1300s saw a period of what?

A

Decentralization in Kiev and the emergence of Moscow as Russia’s dominant political center

82
Q

Russian princes used what form of taxation?

A

Tax farming

83
Q

Mongol tax collection in Ukraine caused what demographic effect?

A

Population loss

84
Q

Russia and parts of Eastern Europe were described as suffering under what?

A

The Mongol Yoke

85
Q

Before the Mongol invasion, Russia was oriented primarily toward who? Why?

A

The Byzantine empire because of the role of the Orthodox Church

86
Q

From Latin Caesar, this Russian title for a monarch first used by Ivan III.

A

Tsar

87
Q

Who was the first to use the title Tsar?

A

Ivan III

88
Q

Why did Ivan III use the title tsar?

A

To legitimize his rule with the decline of the Golden Horde.

89
Q

Which German-speaking group resisted Mongol rule?

A

The Teutonic Knights

90
Q

Who were the Teutonic Knights?

A

German-speaking warriors dedicated to Christianizing the Slavic and Kipchak populations of Northern Europe to colonizing their territories with German settlers

91
Q

Who joined the Mongols in fighting Teutonic Knights?

A

Alexander Nevskii

92
Q

Embassies to the Mongol court returned with what?

A

Knowledge about diplomatic passports, coal mining, moveable type, high-temperature metallurgy, higher mathematics, and the use of the bronze cannon.

93
Q

In the 1930s, what caused religious speculation that God was again punishing Christians?

A

Another outbreak of Bubonic Plague.

94
Q

In the fourth century, which region escaped Mongol grip?

A

Lithuania

95
Q

When Russia fell under the Mongols, how did Lithuania respond?

A

They centralized their state and strengthened their military.

96
Q

In the late 1300s, which group ended the Teutonic Knights?

A

Lithuania

97
Q

Who was the most effective leader of the Balkan states?

A

Serbian king Stephen Dushan

98
Q

Who took advantage of Byzantine weakness to turn the archbishop of Serbia into an independent patriarch?

A

Stephen Dushan

99
Q

Stephen Dushan’s empire disappeared when?

A

Defeat by the Ottomans at he battle of Kosovo

100
Q

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. Based at Istanbul.

A

Ottoman Empire

101
Q

The founders of the Ottoman Empire came to Anatolia in the same wave of Turkic migrants as who?

A

The Seljuks

102
Q

Who destroyed the Serbian empire?

A

The Ottoman Empire

103
Q

The location of the Ottoman Empire allowed for what?

A

Them to take part in crusader struggles in the Byzantine Empire and attract Muslim warriors who wished to battle Christians.

104
Q

Who temporarily defeated the Ottomans in 1402?

A

Timur

105
Q

What happened in 1453 in Europe?

A

Fall of the Byzantine empire because of the capture of Constantinople.

106
Q

The Ottomans put emphasis on what two cultural factors?

A

Religious and linguistic identity.

107
Q

What was Ögödei’s plan for Northern China?

A

He wanted to turn the Northern China Plain into a pasture for livestock

108
Q

Who established the Yuan empire?

A

Khubilai

109
Q

What benefits did the Yuan empire bring?

A

Secure trade routes and the transmission of information, ideas, and skills.

110
Q

The Yuan sought what culturally?

A

A synthesis of the Mongol and Chinese traditions.

111
Q

Last of the Mongol Great Khans and founder of the Yuan empire

A

Khubilai Khan

112
Q

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.

A

Lamas

113
Q

What Buddhist aspect became popular with the Mongols?

A

The use of Lamas, or Buddhist teachers.

114
Q

What was the Yuan capital?

A

Beijing

115
Q

What became the center of cultural and economic life?

A

Beijing

116
Q

Beijing served as a crossroads of caravan trade routes leading to which places?

A

Tabriz (Il-Khan capital) and old Sarai (Golden Horde capital)

117
Q

What was the forbidden city?

A

In the Yuan empire, a close imperial complex with wide streets and a network of linked lakes and artificial islands.

118
Q

What 3 separate states competed in China before the arrival of the Mongols?

A

The Tanggut, Jin, and Southern Song.

119
Q

What did the Great Khans do to the culture of the Tanggut, Jin, and Southern Song?

A

They destroyed the languages, writing systems, and forms of government and encouraged the preservation of Chinese government and society.

120
Q

Describe the social hierarchy of the Yuan empire.

A

1: Mongols
2: Central Asians and Middle Easterners
3: Northern chinese
4: southern chinese

121
Q

In the Yuan empire, Muslims served in what occupations?

A

Calendar-making and astronomy

122
Q

The Confucianists in Yuan Empire regarded which 2 groups as inferior?

A

Merchants and physicians.

123
Q

Gentry families in the Yuan empire chose what occupations?

A

Commerce (corporations)

124
Q

Who handled most corporations in the Yuan Empire?

A

The central Asians and Middle Easterners

125
Q

How did the Yuan empire deal with the decline in agricultural base and a shortfall of finances?

A

Introduced paper money

126
Q

In the Yuan empire, what helped offset the failure of paper money?

A

Copper coinage

127
Q

In the Yuan Empire, what cultural change occurred because of increasing influence from the north?

A

Linguistic change- Mongol Chinese language, Mandarin, spread.

128
Q

What occupational system dotted Yuan countrysides?

A

Cottage industries

129
Q

Huang Dao Po brought knowledge of what into the Yuan empire?

A

Cotton growing, spinning, and weaving.

130
Q

What did the Mongols do to farmers of the countryside?

A

Evicted some and heavily taxed others.

131
Q

In the Yuan empire, along with a decline in farmers, what environmental effect resulted from Mongol taxes?

A

Disastrous flooding as a result of neglect of dams and dikes along the Yellow River.

132
Q

During the eighty years of Mongol rule, population declined by how much?

A

40 percent.

133
Q

What 5 factors contributed to rapid population decline in the Yuan empire?

A

Prolonged warfare, female infanticide, bubonic plague, southward flight of refugees, and flooding on the Yellow River.

134
Q

Why did population losses in Northern China exceed those in Southern China during the Yuan empire?

A

Disastrous floods on the Yellow River

135
Q

What event allowed for the fall of the Yuan empire?

A

Feuds between the Mongol princes.

136
Q

Who mounted the campaign that destroyed the Yuan empire?

A

Zhu Yuanzhang

137
Q

Who was the founder of the Ming Empire?

A

Zhu Yuanzhang

138
Q

What happened to remaining Mongols with the fall of the Yuan empire?

A

Many stayed in China. Descendants took Chinese names and became part f Chinese culture.

139
Q

After the fall of the Yuan, Mongols still predominated in what region?

A

Inner Asia

140
Q

What religion was adopted by the Mongols left in Inner Asia after the fall of the Yuan empire?

A

Islam, but others favored Tibetan Buddhism.

141
Q

Why did the Mongols of Inner Asia pay tribute to the Ming empire?

A

For access to trade routes

142
Q

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan empire

A

Ming Empire

143
Q

Culturally, what did the Ming want to accomplish?

A

Reestablishment of Chinese traditions

144
Q

Zhu Yuanzhang assumed imperial power under what name?

A

Hongwu

145
Q

Honey moved the capital to what?

A

Nanjing

146
Q

Zhu Yuanzhang subscribed to what religion?

A

Buddhism

147
Q

Though Zhu Yuanzhang was a Buddhist, he used aspects of what to enhance his rule?

A

Confucianism- made him look like a l champion of civilization and virtue

148
Q

Hongwu imposed what strict economic and political restrictions?

A

Chocked off relations with Central Asia and the Middle East, imposed strict limits on imports and foreign visitors, and replaced paper money with silver.

149
Q

Zhu Yuanzhang replaced paper money with what?

A

Silver

150
Q

Ming social status began being based on what?

A

Hereditary occupations.

151
Q

In the Ming empire, Muslims served in what occupations?

A

Calendar-making and astronomy

152
Q

The Ming empire had a replica of Khubalai’s observatory where?

A

In Nanjing

153
Q

The Ming empire uses what aspect of Mongol advancements?

A

Their calendar

154
Q

3rd emperor of the Ming empire; sponsored building of the Forbidden City, an encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of Chinese ports.

A

Yongle

155
Q

Yongle returned the capital to what?

A

Beijing

156
Q

Yongle made what important geographic/political change?

A

Moved the capital back to Beijing.

157
Q

The Forbidden city contained what features?

A

Moats, orange-red outer walls, golden roofs, and marble bridges.

158
Q

What did Yongle intend for the Forbidden City to do?

A

Overshadow Nanjing.

159
Q

Yongle restored commercial links to what region?

A

The Middle East

160
Q

Why did Yongle explore maritime connections?

A

The Mongols still controlled much of overland trade

161
Q

In Southeast Asia, which region became an early Ming province?

A

Annan

162
Q

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean

A

Zheng He

163
Q

What helped inspire naval expeditions of Zheng He?

A

Focus on southern Vietnam (Annam)

164
Q

Where did Zheng he direct his first three voyages?

A

The Indian subcontinent

165
Q

What eased Zheng He’s relations with the Indian subcontinent?

A

He was Muslim and his father and grandfather made pilgrimages to Mecca

166
Q

Zheng He’s expeditions reached which regions?

A

Indian Subcontinent, Persian Gulf, Arabia, the Horn of Africa, and Strait of Madagascar.

167
Q

What did Zheng He do in Southeast Asia?

A

Established Chinese merchant communities to cement Ming allegiance and collect taxes

168
Q

What did Zheng He do to those who resisted his expeditions?

A

Slaughtered them (Sumatra)

169
Q

Why did the Ming government limit mining?

A

Protect value of metal and tax the industry

170
Q

What happened as a result of Ming restrictions on mining?

A

Mechanical implements in farming were too expensive

171
Q

What happened after death of Yongle?

A

Ship-building skills declined

AP World History (3 decks)

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