Mongols- Chapter 12 Flashcards
0
Q
In the Mongol empires, what was the name of the leader who made final decisions?
A
Khan
1
Q
A way of life, forced by scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water
A
Nomadism
2
Q
Which 3 religions were prominent in the Mongol empires?
A
Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam
3
Q
In addition to Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam, which practice dominated Mongol religions?
A
Shamanism- the idea that special individuals had contact with the supernatural
4
Q
Genghis Kahn initiated what in 1206?
A
Two decades of political aggression and conquest
5
Q
Between 1206 and 1221, Genghis made military advances against which 3 empires?
A
The Tanggut, the Jin, and Khwarezm (Iran)
6
Q
Who was Genghis Kahn’s successor?
A
Ögödei, his son (1227)
7
Q
Ögödei conquered which territories?
A
Tanggut and Jin (finished destruction), Northern China, Southern Song.
8
Q
Genghis’ grandson Batu conquered which territories?
A
Kieran Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary
9
Q
What caused the suspension of Mongol conquest in Europe in 1241?
A
Death of Ögödei
10
Q
What major event happened under the rule of Genghis’ grandson, Güyük?
A
Execution of last Abbasid caliphate
11
Q
What was Genghis Kahn’s original objective for expansion?
A
Collecting tribute
12
Q
What was Ögödei’s objective in conquests?
A
Rule a united empire based at Karakorum, his capital.
13
Q
Which Mongol group controlled much of Russia?
A
The Golden Horde
14
Q
Which Mongol group dominated Central Asia?
A
Jagadai
15
Q
What caused Mongol unity to unravel in 1265?
A
Death of Ögödei, Khubilai declared himself great Khan and branch of Jagadai refused to accept him.
16
Q
The Yuan empire (China and Siberia) was founded by who?
A
Khubilai Kahn
17
Q
What was the capital of the Yuan empire?
A
Beijing (old Jin capital)
18
Q
What factors caused Jagadai to become an independent Mongol center?
A
Relations with Turkic-speaking nomads and a hatred of Khubilai.
19
Q
What did Khubilai do with the conquered regions of northern and southern Vietnam?
A
Made them tribute states
20
Q
What did Southern Vietnam provide the Mongols with as tribute?
A
Champa rice
21
Q
What 2 regions did Khubilai’s conquests fail at overtaking?
A
Java and Japan (twice)
22
Q
What two factors allowed the Mongols to overtake their enemies although they were often outnumbered
A
Extraordinary riding skills and superior bows
23
Q
The Mongols charged at infantrymen with which 4 weapons?
A
Sword, javelin, mace, and lance.
24
The Mongols met their match only at which battle?
The Battle of Ain Jalut against Turkic-speaking mamluks.
25
The Mongols built which military weapon based on Chinese models?
Catapult
26
The Mongols used the catapult to destroy which cities?
Iran and Iraq
27
Those who surrendered to the Mongols provided them what?
Men to the armies
28
Trade brought what 3 products to the Middle East and Europe?
Silk, artistic motifs, and porcelain
29
Trade in the Mongol courts what 4 diseases?
Bubonic plague, Typhus, smallpox, and influenza.
30
Who were the main carriers of the bubonic plague?
Flea-infested rats traveling on trade ships
31
Plague incapacitated the Mongols during their attack on which city?
Kaffa
32
Flea-infested rats reached Europe from what city?
Kaffa by trade ships
33
What was the great pandemic of 1347-1352?
The combination of disease that spread from the Mongols to Kaffa to Europe.
34
A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans
Bubonic plague
35
A "secondary" khan based in Persia.
Il-Khan
36
Il-Khan state was established by who?
Hülegü
37
The Il-Khan state controlled which 4 territories?
Iran, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.
38
Mongol Khanate established in Southern Russia
Golden Horde
39
The Golden Horde was founded by who?
Genghis Kahn's grandson, Batu.
40
The Golden Horde capital was established where?
Sarai on the Volga River
41
The two secondary khanates ruled over an indigenous people of what religion?
Muslim
42
The two secondary khanates ruled over a population that spoke mostly what language?
Turkic
43
Why did the Il-Khan state accept Muslim faith into their administration before the assaults on the Middle East?
Hülegü, although Buddhist himself, had a trusted Shi'ite advisor and granted privileges to the Shi'ites.
44
In what ways did Mongol practices clash with Muslim doctrine?
Mongols worshipped Buddhist and shamanist idols. They also drank blood and slaughtered their animals differently.
45
When did Islam first become a point of inner-Mongol tension?
When Batu's successor declared himself a Muslim (Golden Horde)
46
Both secondary khanates laid claim to which region?
The Caucuses
47
In the conflict against the Golden Horde over the Caucasus, who did the Il-Khans ally with and why?
European leaders because such leaders believed that aiding the Mongols would result in the Il-Khan helping relieve pressure on the crusader principalities.
48
In the conflict over the Caucasus, the Golden Horde allied with who?
The Muslim Mamluks in Egypt
49
What happened that ended the European's chances of getting crusade help from the Il-Khans?
The new ruler, Ghazan, declared himself a Muslim (1295)
50
What was Ghazan's view toward theology?
Casual/neutral- he didn't affiliate with Sunnis or Shi'ites
51
What did the Il-Khans use to collect wealth from their subjects?
Tax farming
52
What happened as a result of heavy tax farming?
Agriculture rapidly declined
53
What did the Il-Khan government do to combat agricultural decline?
Took land to grow its own grain
54
The Mongol economic decline led to the revival of what practice that was formerly used in China?
Paper money
55
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate; through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran.
Timur
56
Timer consolidated the status of which Muslim sect?
Sunnis
57
What was the name of the new leader who maneuvered himself into command of the Jagadai forces?
Timur
58
Timor launched military campaigns where?
Western Eurasia
59
What prevented Timur from assuming the title Khan?
He was Turkish in descent
60
Juvanai, historian, wrote what?
He first comprehensive narrative l of Genghis' empire
61
Adviser to the Il-Khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on his advice.
Rashid's al-Din
62
Rashid al-Din's work consisted of what?
Attempt at the first history of the world, earliest known general history of Europe, and a detailed description of China
63
Ghazan converted to which religion?
Islam
64
Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.
Nasir al-Din Tusi
65
What was the Il-Khan capital?
Tabriz
66
Copernicus based his model off the work of what cosmologist?
Nasir al-Din Tusi
67
Under the Il-Khan empire, which scientific and mathematical advancements were made?
Prediction of ellipses, astrolabes, armillary spheres, three-dimensional quadrants, decimal notation, and an accurate value of pi
68
What was the main matter of political rivalry for the Mongols?
Islam
69
Under the Il-Khans and Timurids, which 2 regions experienced a flowering of Islamic culture?
Iran and Central Asia
70
What advancements were made under the Il-Khan by Jamshid al-Kashi?
Decimal notation, and a proposed value of pi.
71
What was the capital of the Golden Horde?
Sarai.
72
To facilitate control, the Golden Horde granted privileges to who?
The Orthodox Church
73
Under the Golden Horde, which language gained prominence?
Russian
74
Who did the Golden Horde enlist to handle taxes and the census?
Russian princes
75
Describe the cause of Mongol economic problems under the Il-Khans
The flow of silver and gold into Mongol hands starved the local economy
76
What did the Il-Khan government do to try and combat their economic problems?
Introduced an (unsuccessful) attempt at paper money
77
Prince of Novgorod
Alexander Nevskii
78
Who persuaded fellow Russian princes to submit to the Mongols?
Alexander Nevskii
79
What did the Mongols do in return, for Alexander Nevskii?
Favored Novgorod and Moscow
80
Which 2 towns eclipsed Kiev as centers of political, cultural, and economic centers?
Novgorod and Moscow
81
The 1300s saw a period of what?
Decentralization in Kiev and the emergence of Moscow as Russia's dominant political center
82
Russian princes used what form of taxation?
Tax farming
83
Mongol tax collection in Ukraine caused what demographic effect?
Population loss
84
Russia and parts of Eastern Europe were described as suffering under what?
The Mongol Yoke
85
Before the Mongol invasion, Russia was oriented primarily toward who? Why?
The Byzantine empire because of the role of the Orthodox Church
86
From Latin Caesar, this Russian title for a monarch first used by Ivan III.
Tsar
87
Who was the first to use the title Tsar?
Ivan III
88
Why did Ivan III use the title tsar?
To legitimize his rule with the decline of the Golden Horde.
89
Which German-speaking group resisted Mongol rule?
The Teutonic Knights
90
Who were the Teutonic Knights?
German-speaking warriors dedicated to Christianizing the Slavic and Kipchak populations of Northern Europe to colonizing their territories with German settlers
91
Who joined the Mongols in fighting Teutonic Knights?
Alexander Nevskii
92
Embassies to the Mongol court returned with what?
Knowledge about diplomatic passports, coal mining, moveable type, high-temperature metallurgy, higher mathematics, and the use of the bronze cannon.
93
In the 1930s, what caused religious speculation that God was again punishing Christians?
Another outbreak of Bubonic Plague.
94
In the fourth century, which region escaped Mongol grip?
Lithuania
95
When Russia fell under the Mongols, how did Lithuania respond?
They centralized their state and strengthened their military.
96
In the late 1300s, which group ended the Teutonic Knights?
Lithuania
97
Who was the most effective leader of the Balkan states?
Serbian king Stephen Dushan
98
Who took advantage of Byzantine weakness to turn the archbishop of Serbia into an independent patriarch?
Stephen Dushan
99
Stephen Dushan's empire disappeared when?
Defeat by the Ottomans at he battle of Kosovo
100
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. Based at Istanbul.
Ottoman Empire
101
The founders of the Ottoman Empire came to Anatolia in the same wave of Turkic migrants as who?
The Seljuks
102
Who destroyed the Serbian empire?
The Ottoman Empire
103
The location of the Ottoman Empire allowed for what?
Them to take part in crusader struggles in the Byzantine Empire and attract Muslim warriors who wished to battle Christians.
104
Who temporarily defeated the Ottomans in 1402?
Timur
105
What happened in 1453 in Europe?
Fall of the Byzantine empire because of the capture of Constantinople.
106
The Ottomans put emphasis on what two cultural factors?
Religious and linguistic identity.
107
What was Ögödei's plan for Northern China?
He wanted to turn the Northern China Plain into a pasture for livestock
108
Who established the Yuan empire?
Khubilai
109
What benefits did the Yuan empire bring?
Secure trade routes and the transmission of information, ideas, and skills.
110
The Yuan sought what culturally?
A synthesis of the Mongol and Chinese traditions.
111
Last of the Mongol Great Khans and founder of the Yuan empire
Khubilai Khan
112
In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.
Lamas
113
What Buddhist aspect became popular with the Mongols?
The use of Lamas, or Buddhist teachers.
114
What was the Yuan capital?
Beijing
115
What became the center of cultural and economic life?
Beijing
116
Beijing served as a crossroads of caravan trade routes leading to which places?
Tabriz (Il-Khan capital) and old Sarai (Golden Horde capital)
117
What was the forbidden city?
In the Yuan empire, a close imperial complex with wide streets and a network of linked lakes and artificial islands.
118
What 3 separate states competed in China before the arrival of the Mongols?
The Tanggut, Jin, and Southern Song.
119
What did the Great Khans do to the culture of the Tanggut, Jin, and Southern Song?
They destroyed the languages, writing systems, and forms of government and encouraged the preservation of Chinese government and society.
120
Describe the social hierarchy of the Yuan empire.
1: Mongols
2: Central Asians and Middle Easterners
3: Northern chinese
4: southern chinese
121
In the Yuan empire, Muslims served in what occupations?
Calendar-making and astronomy
122
The Confucianists in Yuan Empire regarded which 2 groups as inferior?
Merchants and physicians.
123
Gentry families in the Yuan empire chose what occupations?
Commerce (corporations)
124
Who handled most corporations in the Yuan Empire?
The central Asians and Middle Easterners
125
How did the Yuan empire deal with the decline in agricultural base and a shortfall of finances?
Introduced paper money
126
In the Yuan empire, what helped offset the failure of paper money?
Copper coinage
127
In the Yuan Empire, what cultural change occurred because of increasing influence from the north?
Linguistic change- Mongol Chinese language, Mandarin, spread.
128
What occupational system dotted Yuan countrysides?
Cottage industries
129
Huang Dao Po brought knowledge of what into the Yuan empire?
Cotton growing, spinning, and weaving.
130
What did the Mongols do to farmers of the countryside?
Evicted some and heavily taxed others.
131
In the Yuan empire, along with a decline in farmers, what environmental effect resulted from Mongol taxes?
Disastrous flooding as a result of neglect of dams and dikes along the Yellow River.
132
During the eighty years of Mongol rule, population declined by how much?
40 percent.
133
What 5 factors contributed to rapid population decline in the Yuan empire?
Prolonged warfare, female infanticide, bubonic plague, southward flight of refugees, and flooding on the Yellow River.
134
Why did population losses in Northern China exceed those in Southern China during the Yuan empire?
Disastrous floods on the Yellow River
135
What event allowed for the fall of the Yuan empire?
Feuds between the Mongol princes.
136
Who mounted the campaign that destroyed the Yuan empire?
Zhu Yuanzhang
137
Who was the founder of the Ming Empire?
Zhu Yuanzhang
138
What happened to remaining Mongols with the fall of the Yuan empire?
Many stayed in China. Descendants took Chinese names and became part f Chinese culture.
139
After the fall of the Yuan, Mongols still predominated in what region?
Inner Asia
140
What religion was adopted by the Mongols left in Inner Asia after the fall of the Yuan empire?
Islam, but others favored Tibetan Buddhism.
141
Why did the Mongols of Inner Asia pay tribute to the Ming empire?
For access to trade routes
142
Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan empire
Ming Empire
143
Culturally, what did the Ming want to accomplish?
Reestablishment of Chinese traditions
144
Zhu Yuanzhang assumed imperial power under what name?
Hongwu
145
Honey moved the capital to what?
Nanjing
146
Zhu Yuanzhang subscribed to what religion?
Buddhism
147
Though Zhu Yuanzhang was a Buddhist, he used aspects of what to enhance his rule?
Confucianism- made him look like a l champion of civilization and virtue
148
Hongwu imposed what strict economic and political restrictions?
Chocked off relations with Central Asia and the Middle East, imposed strict limits on imports and foreign visitors, and replaced paper money with silver.
149
Zhu Yuanzhang replaced paper money with what?
Silver
150
Ming social status began being based on what?
Hereditary occupations.
151
In the Ming empire, Muslims served in what occupations?
Calendar-making and astronomy
152
The Ming empire had a replica of Khubalai's observatory where?
In Nanjing
153
The Ming empire uses what aspect of Mongol advancements?
Their calendar
154
3rd emperor of the Ming empire; sponsored building of the Forbidden City, an encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of Chinese ports.
Yongle
155
Yongle returned the capital to what?
Beijing
156
Yongle made what important geographic/political change?
Moved the capital back to Beijing.
157
The Forbidden city contained what features?
Moats, orange-red outer walls, golden roofs, and marble bridges.
158
What did Yongle intend for the Forbidden City to do?
Overshadow Nanjing.
159
Yongle restored commercial links to what region?
The Middle East
160
Why did Yongle explore maritime connections?
The Mongols still controlled much of overland trade
161
In Southeast Asia, which region became an early Ming province?
Annan
162
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean
Zheng He
163
What helped inspire naval expeditions of Zheng He?
Focus on southern Vietnam (Annam)
164
Where did Zheng he direct his first three voyages?
The Indian subcontinent
165
What eased Zheng He's relations with the Indian subcontinent?
He was Muslim and his father and grandfather made pilgrimages to Mecca
166
Zheng He's expeditions reached which regions?
Indian Subcontinent, Persian Gulf, Arabia, the Horn of Africa, and Strait of Madagascar.
167
What did Zheng He do in Southeast Asia?
Established Chinese merchant communities to cement Ming allegiance and collect taxes
168
What did Zheng He do to those who resisted his expeditions?
Slaughtered them (Sumatra)
169
Why did the Ming government limit mining?
Protect value of metal and tax the industry
170
What happened as a result of Ming restrictions on mining?
Mechanical implements in farming were too expensive
171
What happened after death of Yongle?
Ship-building skills declined
