Monday - Pancreas Phys - Trach Flashcards
where is glucose stored as glycogen
Skeletal muscle
also liver
where is glucose stored as triglycerides
99% adipose tissue
Where is glucose stored as proteins
skeletal muscle
How does the brain get energy?
glycogen from muscle -> glucose
then, triglycerides –> ketones
lastly, muscle protein –> AA’s –> glucose
Insulin effects in muscle
Insulin effects in adipose
make glycogen
make glycerol from glucose
cephalic stage of digestion cause increase in insulin. how’s it do that?
vagus nerve –> ach –> g protein –> increase calcium levels –> insulin release
Glucagon mechanism for insulin secretion
binds receptor –> Adenylyl cyclase –> increase Ca –> insulin secretion
what molecules inhibit the glucagon pathway
epi, NE, somatostatin –> inhibit the adenylyl cyclase
Where is glucagon secreted
in response to what
alpha cells
low glucose (don’t really know mechanism)
Structure of insulin
pro insulin –> insulin
alpha chain (acidic) beta chain (basic) 2 disulfides
c-peptide - means insulin was made by body
Insulin uses what type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase
how is insulin degraded?
Glutathione - insulin transhydrogenase in liver and kidney
What increases glucagon
hypoglycemia
amino acids
sympathetic and vagal stimulation
type of receptor for glucagon
g protein –> cAMP –> PKA –»> glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate
What GI hormone promote insulin release?
GLP-1 - from intestine - alternate splice of proglucagon GIP - made from K cells in duodenum
