Monday - Pancreas Phys - Trach Flashcards
where is glucose stored as glycogen
Skeletal muscle
also liver
where is glucose stored as triglycerides
99% adipose tissue
Where is glucose stored as proteins
skeletal muscle
How does the brain get energy?
glycogen from muscle -> glucose
then, triglycerides –> ketones
lastly, muscle protein –> AA’s –> glucose
Insulin effects in muscle
Insulin effects in adipose
make glycogen
make glycerol from glucose
cephalic stage of digestion cause increase in insulin. how’s it do that?
vagus nerve –> ach –> g protein –> increase calcium levels –> insulin release
Glucagon mechanism for insulin secretion
binds receptor –> Adenylyl cyclase –> increase Ca –> insulin secretion
what molecules inhibit the glucagon pathway
epi, NE, somatostatin –> inhibit the adenylyl cyclase
Where is glucagon secreted
in response to what
alpha cells
low glucose (don’t really know mechanism)
Structure of insulin
pro insulin –> insulin
alpha chain (acidic) beta chain (basic) 2 disulfides
c-peptide - means insulin was made by body
Insulin uses what type of receptor?
tyrosine kinase
how is insulin degraded?
Glutathione - insulin transhydrogenase in liver and kidney
What increases glucagon
hypoglycemia
amino acids
sympathetic and vagal stimulation
type of receptor for glucagon
g protein –> cAMP –> PKA –»> glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate
What GI hormone promote insulin release?
GLP-1 - from intestine - alternate splice of proglucagon GIP - made from K cells in duodenum
you eat like 6 bags of sour patch kids. what happens to your insulin?
you melt down our patch kids on a crack spoon and inject them into your veins. What happens to your insulin?
it’s gonna go way up
not really do much. because the G.I. phase of insulin release isn’t causing release of GIP and GLP
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
where are they?
everywhere
liver, beta cells, kidney
muscle and fat - activated by insulin
