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Mans - Dr. Thompson exam 3 > Mon 11/9 Depression, Bipolar etc > Flashcards

Mon 11/9 Depression, Bipolar etc Flashcards

1
Q

Short definition of depression

A

intense feelings of sadness and despair​

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2
Q

True or false: depression is the more prevalent mental illness.

A

TRUE - 15-20% of adults experience a major depression at some point in their lives​

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3
Q

True or false: Men are more likely than women to develop depression

A

FALSE - Women 2X as likely as men​

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4
Q

True or false: Depression affects only the elderly

A

FALSE: Becoming more commonly diagnosed in younger age groups​

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5
Q

6 Characteristic signs of depression

A 
Sleep disorders
Somatic complaints
Anorexia 
Irrational guilt
General lack of interest in activities​
Dysphoric mood
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6
Q

2 good screening questions for depression

A

“Over the past 2 weeks have you felt

(1) down, depressed, or hopeless, and/or
(2) little interest or pleasure in doing things?”​

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7
Q

3 Possible interacting factors that cause depression

A

Interaction of biochemical , environmental & genetic factors​

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8
Q

How does a person become depressed?​ (4 possible explanations)

A
  1. Decreased activity of the postsynaptic receptor​
  2. Decreased activity of BDNF​
  3. Decreased capacity for neurogenesis caused by high glucocorticoid levels​
  4. Supersensitivity of the presynaptic autoreceptor
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9
Q

What are the three amines involved in development of depression and what is their main role?

A 
Amines:
-  Serotonine, 
-  Dopamine , 
-  Nonepinephrine
Found all over the brain – control movement and activity
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10
Q

Explain the supersensitivity of the presynaptic autoreceptor:

A

Autoreceptors found in the presynaptic side – in the button senses the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and modulate secretion at the presynaptic side
If the receptor is supersensitive it is going to think there is too much serotonin in the cleft so it will dial down secretion.

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11
Q

Name the 3 pharmacological targets for depression

A
  1. Inhibit breakdown of neurotransmitters
  2. Stimulate release of neurotransmitter​
  3. Block reuptake of neurotransmitter​
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12
Q

What’s the overall goal in treatment of depression, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?

A

Increase aminergic neurotransmitters which increase synthesis of BDNF

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13
Q

Name a few activities that increase BDNF activity

A

Exercise,
Continue learning
Solve cross-word puzzles
Use your brain

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14
Q

What is the precursor chain for serotonin and nor-epinephrine?

A

Two separate pathways:
Tyrosine -> Dopamine->nor-epinepherine
5-hydroxytryptophan ->serotonin - >melatonin

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15
Q

What is serotonin a precursor for?

A

Serotonin -> melatonin (depletion could result in sleep disorders; one of the reasons why depression, bi-polar disorder and schizophrenia are associated with sleep disorders;

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16
Q

How could you describe Bipolar Disorder?

A

Take all the things that go wrong with depression, and add a GABA imbalance.​
Mechanisms are not clear.​
GABA – is the inhibitor; it could be a GABA inbalance which adds to the impulsivity and the maniac behavior

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17
Q

How does someone become psychotic?​ (3 possible mechanisms)

A
  1. Hyperactivity of dopamine​
  2. Insufficiency of GABA at modulating glutamatergic activity in the limbic system​
  3. Overlap of the activity of DA, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and nor-epinephrine make the parthenogenesis difficult to elucidate. ​
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18
Q

True or false: the cause of psychotic behavior is purely genetic

A

False: it is a combination of genetic inheritance and environmental factors

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19
Q

What would be a possible treatment for psychosis?

A

Dopamine receptor blockers is the treatment, but be cautious of Parkinson’s like syndrome when prescribed as well as the other disorders that could be caused by blocking dopamine receptors.

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20
Q

What is the recommendation when administering psychotropic drugs?

A

When starting, drug may be “laddered in” gradually to therapeutic level – may take 2-4 weeks for therapeutic threshold to be reached

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21
Q

What are some activities that PT could recommend while waiting to reach desired therapeutic effect with psychotropic drugs?

A
  • Remind your patients not to get discouraged; also may see increased depression during this time
  • Exercise and therapeutic activities can be very beneficial
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22
Q

Will PT sessions be affected by timing of the psychotropic drugs or other factors during drug therapy?

A

Timing therapy – should not matter when patient at therapeutic level, but monitor for orthostatic hypotension for tricyclics and lithium, especially in early stages, and especially in elderly patients

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23
Q

How would you educate a patient to manage the process of discontinuing a psychotropic drug?

A

Patient should NEVER abruptly stop taking psychotropic drugs

  • Just like cortisone or seizure medications, the body acclimates to these drugs and alters biochemistry accordingly;
  • Abrupt withdrawal is dangerous and cause disruption of all systems affected by the respective neurotransmitters;
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24
Q

What are the 5 functional categories of antidepressant drugs?

A
  1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)​
  2. Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI)​
  3. Tricyclics​
  4. Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors​
  5. Other compounds​
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25
Q

Name 6 common SSRIs

A 
Celexa
Lexapro
Prozac
Luvox
Paxil
Zoloft
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26
Q

Name 3 common SNRIs

A

Pristiq
Cymbolta
Effexor

27
Q

Name a few tricyclics:

A 
Elavis, Endep
Asendin
Anafranil
Norpramin
Sinequan
Norfranil, Tofranil, others
Aventyl, Pamelor
Vivactil
Surmontil
28
Q

Name 3 MAO inhibitors:

A

Nardil
Marplan
Parnate

29
Q

Name 4 drugs listed under “other” antidepressants

A

Wellbutin
Desyrel
Remeron
Serzone

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?

A

Serotonin helps regulate mood and depression.
​
By blocking reuptake into the presynaptic terminal, serotonin remains in the synaptic cleft longer, hopefully contributing to beneficial change in receptor sensitivity or neuronal growth and function​
For patients whose primary issue is serotonin depletion, these are great drugs​

31
Q

What are the few side effects associated with SSRIs?

A

may cause sexual dysfunction, anxiety, nausea, insomnia, long half-life can lead to accumulation

32
Q

What is Paroxetine (Paxil) also used for (other than depression and bi-polar disease ?

A

Chronic pain​

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action for SNRIs?

A

Decreases both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake without appreciable effect on dopamine synapses​

Have the same safety and antidepressant effects comparable to SSRIs and tricyclics​

34
Q

What are SNRIs also used for (other than depression and bi-polar disease?

A

Chronic pain:
Osteoarthritis,
Peripheral neuropathies,
Fibromyalgia)​

35
Q

What is the believed reasoning behind serotonin being useful in pain control?

A

Postulated that ↓ serotonin in efferent (descending) pathways that inhibit pain are a cause of chronic pain; restoring serotonin influence therefore improves pain control​

36
Q

What are the side effects associated with SNRIs?

A

Same as SSRIs side effects + GI distress

37
Q

Explain Serotonin Syndrome

A
  • Serotonin syndrome can be fatal​
  • High doses, or 2 or more antidepressants administered concurrently​
  • Serotonin accumulates in brain tissues – if levels become too high, will see sweating, restlessness, agitation, tachycardia, neuromuscular hyper excitability (tremor, clonus, fasciculation, rigidity)​
  • Danger of seizures, fatality​
  • Reversible if drugs withdrawn​
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action for MAO inhibitors?

A

Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme located at the enzyme synapses,
It destroys released transmitters​
Inhibiting MAO allows more of the transmitter to stay in the synaptic cleft​
Can have beneficial effect on receptor sensitivity and neuronal function

39
Q

What are the side effects associated with MAO inhibitors?

A

relatively high risk of side effects​:

  • CNS excitation, agitation, irritability, sleeplessness​
  • Produce central and peripheral anticholinergic effects (tremor, dry mouth, urinary retention)​
  • ↑ BP​
40
Q

Name a few of the MAO inhibitors interactions

it is a long list from drugs. com mainly

A
  • Interactions between MAO type A inhibitors and foods such as fermented cheeses and wine (any food containing tyramine) - ↑catecholamines, which can cause heart attack or stroke​
    -diet pills, caffeine, stimulants, ADHD medication, asthma medication, over-the-counter cough and cold or allergy medicines;​
    tryptophan (also called L-tryptophan);​
    levodopa (Larodopa, Parcopa, Sinemet), methyldopa (Aldomet);​
    meperidine (Demerol, Mepergan);​
    furazolidone (Furoxone);​
    procarbazine (Matulane);​
    ​buspirone (BuSpar);​
    bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban);​
    dexfenfluramine (Redux);​
    guanethidine (Ismelin);​
  • alcohol or medicines that make you sleepy (such as cold medicine, pain medication, muscle relaxers, and medicine for seizures, depression or anxiety);
    or​
  • antidepressants such as citalopram (Celexa), duloxetine (Cymbalta), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), or venlafaxine (Effexor).​
    ​
41
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tryciclics?

A
  • Block reuptake of amine neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminal​
  • Non-selective, so block serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine​
42
Q

What is the target population for Tryciclics?

A

Now mostly reserved for patients who fail with SSRIs or SNRIs​

43
Q

What are the side effects associated with Tryciclics?

A
  • Sedating, lethargy, muscle weakness​
  • Confusion and delirium, as central acetylcholine is blocked​
  • Peripheral anticholinergic effects – dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, confusion, tachycardia​
  • Arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension, bone marrow depression​
  • Highest potential for lethal overdose due to cardiac effects​
  • Increased suicide risk​
  • High potential for drug interactions, especially cardiovascular and other neurotropics​
44
Q

True or False: most of the antidepressants used to treat chronic pain are tryciclics

A

True - All but 3 (Cymbalta - SSRI, Prozac - SSRI, and Desyrel) are tricyclics​

45
Q

Could you say with certainty that the swap from narcotics to tryciclics is a good choice considering all the side effects?

A

Not necessarily the best choice
Should be reserved for those who have failed conservative treatment​
Monitor for side effects​
Mechanism of action still under investigation​

46
Q

Define Bi-Polar Disorder:

A

Mood swings between extreme high (manic) and low (depression)​

47
Q

What are the behaviors characteristic to a maniac episode?

A

Hyperactivity, extremely talkative, may exhibit extreme confidence or anxiety​

48
Q

Differentiate between Bipolar I and Bipolar II

A

Bipolar I - alternating mania and major depression​

Bipolar II – hypomanic episodes, still has major depression​

49
Q

What are the most likely the neurotransmitters involved in Bipolar disorders?

A
  1. Most likely an imbalance between inhibitory transmitters (serotonin, GABA) and excitatory (norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, aspartate)​
  2. Other neurotransmitters (acetylcholine), hormones, membrane ions, dysfunction of messenger systems may be involved​
50
Q

What is the drug of choice for Bipolar Disorders?

A

Lithium has been drug of choice for >60 years​

51
Q

Why is Li+ the drug of choice for Bipolar Disorders?

A
  • May compete with Na+, K+, Ca++​
  • Multiple possible pathways of interaction​
  • May prevent neuronal degeneration and sustain function​
  • May be neuroprotective​

Li+ administered orally, easily absorbed in GI tract; titrated to achieve desired blood serum level​

52
Q

What are the Lithium adverse effects​?

A
  1. May accumulate in the body; is not metabolized and must be excreted in urine; if accumulated, may cause seizures, coma, fatality​
  2. Sedation, muscle weakness, and lethargy, similar to tricyclics​
  3. Mild to severe Li+ toxicity in CNS, GI, cardiovascular, renal systems.
53
Q

What are some secondary drugs for Bipolar Disorders?

A
  • Anti-seizure meds and

- Antipsychotics (Risperdal [risperidone], Abilify [aripiprazole], Clozaril [clozapine])

54
Q

What is the effect of secondary drugs in Bipolar Disorders?

A

Secondary drugs act as mood stabilizers

- may be withdrawn when behavior levels out ​

55
Q

Define the term Psychosis

A

Generic term for a group of mental disorders characterized by thought disturbances and impaired perception of reality​

56
Q

What is the most common Psychotic disorder? what about others?

A

Schizophrenia

Psychosis includes schizoaffective, delusional, brief psychotic, and shared psychotic disorders​

57
Q

Are psychosis curable and what’s the role of medication in Psychosis treatment?

A

Not thought to be curable; goal of medications is to normalize behavior and thinking sufficiently to allow a positive and potentially productive life in the community​

58
Q

Is Schizophrenia genetic or not and when does it manifest?

A

Likely has a genetic base, or modifications of gene expression (epigenetic factors) during life

– illness may not be seen until some stressor (physical, environmental, mental, chemical) brings it out

59
Q

What is the neurotransmitter responsible in schizophrenia? and what type of drugs are administered?

A

Over activity of dopamine pathways​

First generation or “traditional” antipsychotics – dopamine antagonists​
​

60
Q

What are the specific behaviors of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations,
Delusions,
Disorganized speech,
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior​

61
Q

What are the side effects of the Atypical Antipsychotics​?

A

Fewer side effects, especially movement and motor disorders​: tardive dyskinesia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, Dyskinesia and Dystonias
May also have lower incidence of relapse​

62
Q

What are the possible side effects for all antipsychotics, particularly for the traditional ones? ​

A
  • Sedating ​
  • Orthostatic hypotension during first stages of new drug -administration​
  • Extrapyramidal effects (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia (constant motion), dystonia, anxiety, distress, paranoia, sluggish thinking)​
  • Anticholinergic effects (constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, urinary retention)​
  • Tardive dyskinesia – involuntary and fragmented movements, such as tongue and orofacial movements, extremity/trunk dystonias – may be irreversible​
  • Pseudoparkinsonism (due to blocking of dopamine)​
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (seen in high dose medications) – catatonia, stupor, rigidity, tremors, fever – may be fatal​
63
Q

What are 3 possible side effects for all antipsychotics, particularly atypicals (highest risk with Clorazil and Zyprexa)​?

A

Weight gain, increased plasma lipids, diabetes mellitus​

Mans - Dr. Thompson exam 3 (8 decks)

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