Molecules, Transport and Health Flashcards
Examples of monosaccharides
Eg of pentoses (5 carbon sugars)
* Dioxyribose sugars
* Riboses sugars
Eg of hexoses (6 carbon sugars) alpha beta galfriend
* Alpha glucose
* Beta glucose
* Galactose
* Fructose
Properties of glucose
- Main energy source for plants and animals
- It’s soluble, easily transported
- Contains lots of energy
Functions of starch
- Compact; large no of glucose molecules can be stored
- Insoluble + no osmotic effect; starch won’t leave the cell easily
- Unreactive; won’t carry out any chemical reactions in the cell
What’s a dipole nature of water
In water the H+ atoms are more positive than the O- atoms, therefore one end of the molecule is more positive than the other
Difference between alpha and beta glucose
- Alpha glucose has a H at the top and OH at the bottom of the C1 atom
- Beta glucose has a OH at the top and H at the bottom of the C1 atom
The three disaccharides
- Maltose - 2 glucose molecules linked by 1-4 glycosidic bond
- Sucrose - 1 glucose and 1 fructose molecule linked by a 1-2 glycosidic bond
- Lactose - 1 glucose molecule and 1 galactose molecule joined by 1-4 glycosidic bond
Properties of a polysaccharide
- It’s insoluble; has no osmotic effect to it
- It’s compact; can store large quantities
Starch in plants
Amylose + Amylopectin
- Amylose: lots of alpha glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds with unbranched chains
- Amylopectin: alpha glucose molecules with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, lots of side branches so can break quicker; energy is released faster
Glycogen in animals
- Lots of alpha glucose joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
- Glycogen has more side branches —> stored glycogen released quick
- Large and more compact
Important Anions
Hot NPC
- Hydrogencarbonate - Needed to buffer the pH of the blood so it does’t become too acidic
- Nitrates - Needed to make DNA for amino acids, proteins for photosynthesis
- Phosphate - Needed to make ATP and ADP as well as DNA and RNA
- Chloride - Needed for nerve impulses, sweating and secretory systems in animals
Important Cations
Cus Hm
- Calcium - Needed for bone formation, muscle contractions and the formation of calcium pectate which is in the middle lamela
- Sodium - Needed for nerve impulses, sweating and secretory systems in animals
- Hydrogen - Needed for cellular respiration, photosynthesis and pH balance
- Magnesium - Needed to make chloropyll in plants
Hydrogen bonds
- The weak electrostatic force of attraction between the slightly negative oxygen atm from one water to the slightly positive hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Properties of water
- Cohesive - water mols attract each other
- Adhesive - water mols attract different molecules, important for surface tension
- Good solvent
- Specific heat capacity - requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the molecules
Example of monosacchs
- Deoxyribose sugars
- Riboses sugars
- Alpha and Beta Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
Difference between saturated + unsaturated fatty acids in lipids
- Saturated have single bonds between carbon-carbon atoms
- Saturated have straight chains, unsaturated have bent or kinked chains
Physical properties of saturated + unsaturated fatty acids in lipids
- Saturated: solid at room temp bc of high melting points
- Unsaturated: liquid at room temp bc of low melting points
Hydrogen bonds in R group of amino acid
- Form between the O- of the carboxyl grp of one amino acid and the H+ of the amino group of another
- Reforms if the pH or temp is restored
Disulfide bonds in R group of amino acid
- Formed when 2 cystein molecs come join together, oxidation reaction occurs between 2 sulphur containing groups forming strong covalent bond called disulfide bonds
Ionic bonds in R group of amino acid
- Formed between slightly + and slightly - amino acid side chains, found deep inside protein molecule
Examples of polysaccharides
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
