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Developmental Biology > Molecules and Mechanisms E1 > Flashcards

Molecules and Mechanisms E1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Resact

A

from sea urchin egg jelly coat, binds to a receptor on sperm to lead it to egg.

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2
Q

RGC

A

Receptor guanyl cyclase, what resact binds to. forms intracellular cGMP in sperm

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3
Q

cGMP

A

in sea urchin sperm, opens calcium channels in cell membrane to let Calcium enter sperm

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4
Q

fucose sulfate

A

a sulfated card that binds to receptor on sperm to initiate acrosomal reaction. The receptor it binds to acivates sperm membrane proteins

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5
Q

Three mechanisms activated in sperm during acrosomal reaction

A
  • Calcium transport channel that lets calcium enter sperm head
  • Na/H pump that lets Na in and H out
  • IP3 phospholipase enzyme releases calcium from inside sperm
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6
Q

Two effects of calcium increase in acrosomal reaction of sea urchin

A
  • fusion of acrosomal membrane with adjacent sperm cell membrane to release digestive enzymes
  • activates protein RhoB to make acrosomal process
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7
Q

RhoB

A

GTP-bdinging protein in sperm that polymerizes actin to make the acrosomal process. Activated by IP3

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8
Q

Bindin

A

acrosomal membrane protein of sperm that recognizes and binds to surface of egg

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9
Q

ERB1

A

Bindin receptor organized in complexes on vitelline envelop of egg

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10
Q

Calcium source for cortical granule reacton

A

calcium comes from the ER of the egg cell and is self-propagating

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11
Q

IP3

A
  • In sperm, releases calcium to fuse acrosomal membrane with sperm cell membrane (and release digestive enzymes); activate protein RhoB to make acrosomal process
  • In egg, releases Calcium from ER. Made from PIP2 being split by enzyme PLC
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12
Q

PIP2

A

Found in egg cell, split by PLC to make DAG and IP3

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13
Q

PLC

A

splits PIP2 to make DAG and IP3 for the cortical granule reaction. y-PLC is activated by an Src family of protein kinases in cortical cytoplasm

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14
Q

Src protein kinases

A

found in cortical cytoplasm of egg, activate y-PLC to generate IP3 and DAG by splitting PIP2. Activated by G proteins

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15
Q

G proteins

A

found in cortex of egg, serve to activate Src kinases, which activate PLC for inducing cortical granule reaction

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16
Q

2 effects of sperm binding/fusion to egg cell membrane

A
  • Sodium influx
  • Kinase stimulation
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17
Q

Role of Sodium in fertilization of sea urchins

A

causes a change in egg membrane potential and leads to fast block to polyspermy

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18
Q

Role of kinase stimulation from sperm binding to egg membrane

A

activates PLC, which does lots of things

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19
Q

2 Roles of PLC in fertilization

A
  • IP3 production to release Calcium
  • Diacylglycerol production to increase intracellular pH
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20
Q

Role of diacylglycerol in sea urchin fertilization

A

activates protein kinase C, which leads to Na/H pump exchange and increase in pH

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21
Q

Protein Kinase C

A

found in egg, activated by diacylglycerol, leads to exchange of Na/H. Increase in Na ionsin cell causes rise in pH

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22
Q

Role of increase in pH in fertilization

A

together with Calcium increase, stimulates new DNA and protein synthesis

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23
Q

influx of K+ in mammalian sperm

A

leads to hyperpolarization of sperm membrane potential

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24
Q

soluble adenyl cyclase

A

in mammalian sperm, activated by increase in Calcium and bicarbonate in sperm. Makes cAMP from AMP

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25
Q

cAMP

A

activates protein kinase A

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26
Q

PKA

A

activated by rise in cAMP in mammalian sperm, leads to activation of protein tyrosine kinases and inihibition of PTP - phosphotryrosine phosphatase

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27
Q

PTK

A

leads to capacitation of mammalian sperm

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28
Q

SED1

A

protein in sperm that has a slight bond to zona pellucida

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29
Q

ZP3

A

glycoprotein in zona pellucida of mammalian egg that binds to sperm and leads to acrosomal reaction by causing calcium-mediated exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle

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30
Q

Cyclin B

A

contributes to biphasic cell cycle of cells. Makes up MPF. Synthesis of it allows progression to Mitosis, while degradation allows cells to pass to synthesis phase

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31
Q

MPF

A

mitosis-promoting factor. Highest during mitosis, but can’t find it during synthesis. Shift in phases of cell cycle is driven by gain and loss of this molecule’s activity.

Made of cyclin B and cyclin-dependent kinase

leads to rapid, synchronous cell divisions

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32
Q

Order of sea urchin first 3 cleavages

A

meridional, meridional, equatorial

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33
Q

Otx and B-catenin

A

activate Pmar1 gene in cleavage. These are maternal cytoplsm-derived Transcription regualtors that are inherited by micromeres

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34
Q

Pmar1 genee

A

repressed HesC, which is also a repressor. Activated by Otx and B-catenin, which are concentrated in vegetal pole of egg cell.

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35
Q

molecules involved in double-negaive gated micruit for micromere specification

A

Otx, B-catenin, Pmar1, HesC, genes Alx1, Thr, Etx, Delta

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36
Q

HesC

A

repressor of genes involved in mircomere specification: Alx1, Thr, Ets, Delta

prevents formation of skeletoal mesenchyme cells in micromeres

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37
Q

double-negative gated circuit in veg2 cell

A

In veg2, this circuit is broken because Pmar1 not activated, so HesC represses skeletogenic genes

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38
Q

Skeletogenic mesenchyme cells

A
  • cells specified to autonomously ingress into blastocoal and become skeleton of sea urchin
  • also induce neighbors to become endoderm and non-skeletogenic mesenchyme cells (pigment; coelom cells)
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39
Q

Dishevled and B-catenin

A

found in cytoplasm, inherited by micromeres at fourth celavage. these are the initial regulatory inputs for micromeres

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40
Q

Disheveled

A

prevents degradation of B-Catenin in micromeres and macromeres. it is located in the vegetal cortex

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41
Q

B-catenin role in cleavage

A
  • specifies micromeres. accumulates in cells fated to be endoderm and mesoderm and causes them to develop autonomously.
  • Specifies the vegetal half of the egg
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42
Q

Blimp1 and Wnt 8

A

form a positive feedback loop to make more B-catenin. Blimp1 is also activated by Otx adn maternal B-catenin

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43
Q

ES (early signal)

A
  • inducing signal of micromeres that is controlled by Pmar1 and HesC
  • instructs other cells to be endo/mesoderm and can also establsh second axis when micromeres are transplanted to animal region of the embryo
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44
Q

Notch

A

a protein that tells cells below it to become nonskeletal mesenchyme cells. activates by Delta juxtacrine protein

45
Q

Differentiation of cells in micromeres

A

become skeletogenic because of early signal and delta proteins in double-negative gated channel of Pmar1 and HesC

46
Q

commitment

A

cell fate resulting in differentiation

47
Q

specification

A

differentiation when cells are in neutral environment. this type of commitment is reversible, so it is not a true commitment

48
Q

determination

A

type of cell developmental commitment that results in autonomous differentiation. This means the cells will differentiate even in a nonneutral environment. Irreversible

49
Q

Two types of cell developmental commitment

A

specification and determination

50
Q

two types of cell specification

A

autonomous and conditional specification

51
Q

autonomous specification

A

cytoplasm no homogeneous, but instead contains different inheritants and derterminants

However, cells know their fate and become determined without interaction from other cells

micromere cells are this

52
Q

conditional specification

A

cells achieve respective fates by interacting with other cells

they are specified by paracrine factors secreted by neighbors

53
Q

cleavage of sea urchin animal half/pole

A
  • 4th cleavage is meridional
  • 5th cleavage is equatorial and forms animal 1 and 2 layers
  • 6th cleavage is meridional
  • all of these cleavages are equal, meaning cells are same volume
54
Q

cleavage of sea urchin vegetal half/pole

A

4rth cleavage is equatorial and uneven, forming 4 macromeres and 4 micromeres

5th cleavage, macromeres divide meridionally to form 8 cells; micromeres divide equatorially

6th cleavage is equatorial and even for all

55
Q

fate of animal half of sea urchin egg

A

becomes epithalium and neurons. so skin and neurons

56
Q

1st vegetal half fate in sea urchins

A

becomes ectoderm (top half) and endoderm (bottom half)

57
Q

2nd vegetal half fate in sea urchins

A

becomes coelom, non-skeletogenic mesenchyme - muscles, pigment - and endoderm

58
Q

so what do large micromeres become?

A

skeletal mesenchyme

59
Q

What is the first gastrulation event?

A

ingression

60
Q

gurken

A
  • gene in drosophila, made in nurse cells, gets transpirted to oocyte nucleus and translated to protein.
  • serves to anchor nanos mRNA to posterior end of embryo
61
Q

Par1

A

in drosophila, organizes microtubules with (-) cap and (+) growing ends to anterior and posterior ends of oocyte

62
Q

Kinesin

A

motor protein ATPase that sends molecules to (+) posteror end of drosophila embryo. moves Oskar mRNA and nanos

63
Q

Oksar

A

an mRNA in drosophila transported by kinesin to (+) posterior end of the embryo

64
Q

Dynein

A

in drosophila, a motor protein that transports mRNA to anterior (-) end of embryo

transpors bicoid

65
Q

Bicoid

A
  • mRNA in drosophila that goes to anterior (-) end of embryo
  • causes formation of acron (most anterior end), head, and thorax. Without it the mutant has two tails (Telson)
66
Q

Torpedo

A
  • Gurken receptor on posterior end of drosophila embryo
  • Inhibits expression of Pipe gene
  • causes follicle cells to differentiate to dorsal morphology
67
Q

Pipe

A

gene in drosophila that activated Nudel and is only found in ventral follicle cells.

68
Q

Nudel

A

activated by Pipe in drosophila. activates 3 serine proteases: gastrulation defective (gd), snake, and easter genes

69
Q

What happens after Nudel is activated in drosophila?

A
  • Nudel and factor x split gd protein
  • Gd splits snake protein
  • Snake protein cleaves Easter protein
  • Easter splits Spatzle
  • Spatzle binds to Toll receptor protein
70
Q

Toll

A
  • receptor protein activated by binding of Spatzle
  • activates Tube and Pelle
71
Q

Tube and Pelle

A

activated by Toll

phosphorylate Cactus protein. Cactus is degraded and released from Dorsal protein

72
Q

Dorsal

A

protein separated from Cactus when Cactus is degraded after being phosphorylated by Tube and Pelle

Dorsal protein enters nucleus and ventralizes the cell

73
Q

molecules involved in ventralizing follicle cells in drosophila

A

Pipe, Nudel, Gd, Snake, Easter, Spatzle, Toll, Tube, Pelle, Cactus, Dorsal

74
Q

Cactus

A

protein that is phosphorylated by Tuve and Pelle, causing release of dorsal protein into cell neuclus to ventralize it

75
Q

2 major types of cells in an embryo

A

epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells

76
Q

epithelial cells

A

tightly connected to one another in sheets or tubes

77
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

unconnected to one another and operate as independent units

78
Q

Ectoderm

A

becomes nervous system, skin, eyes, inner ear

79
Q

mesoderm

A

becomes muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system, which includes kidneys, and gonads

80
Q

Endoderm

A

digestive system and respiratory tract

81
Q

invagination

A

infolding of cell sheet to form a cavity

82
Q

ingression

A

migration of individual cells to center of embryo

83
Q

3 crucial axes of embryo

A
  • anterior/posterior
  • dorsal/ventral
  • right/left
84
Q

blastocoel

A

hollow sphere of cells with central cavity.

85
Q

tight junctions

A

connect the blastomeres into an epithelial sheet

86
Q

blastula

A
  • 1 cell-layer thick, adhered to hyalin layer
  • all cells eventually become the same size, because micromeres slow their division while others catch up
87
Q

cells furthest from blastocoel

A

become ciliated

88
Q

meridional cleavage

A

vertical cleavage of cells

89
Q

equatorial cleavage

A

horizontal cleavage of cells

90
Q

Cleavage characteristics of sea urchin

A

isolecithal, radial holoblastic, fast and synchronous (because little yolk), size of blastomeres identical through 3rd cleavage, then different

91
Q

why/how does biphasic cell cycle occur

A

because cyclin doesn’t have to be transcribed. instead, cell cycle is using stored machinery. Division slows when run out of mRNA for cyclin and need to transcribe more cyclin gene

92
Q

mid-blastula transition

A

when synchrony of biphasic cell cycle is gone and the embryo has to undergo further development

93
Q

3 objectives of gastrulation

A
  1. Generates 3 germ layers
  2. bilateral symmetry
  3. establishes new and unique cel interactions which influence future developmental events
94
Q
A
95
Q

basal lamina

A

what fibronectin, lamain, collagen, and ellastin cells must bind to

96
Q

cadherins role

A

family of cell-to-cel adhesion molecules that hold cells of blastula togehter as a sheet

97
Q

what 3 factors allow cells to move in embryo

A

concentration of matrix, orientation of matrix, and contact guidance

98
Q

gastrulation: which movement happens first?

A

ingression first, then invagination

99
Q

how does invagination happen?

A

inner halin membrane swells from absorbing water and pulls vegetal plate inwards as outer part constricts

100
Q

aboral

A

side of embryo away from the mouth

101
Q

when does pattern formation start in drosophila

A

super early, while egg still undergoing ovulation. so before second meiotic division

102
Q

what is pattern formation

A

specialization and organization of phenotypes in flies, looking at multiple axes

103
Q

mRNA for which drosophila patterning proteins are evenly distributed?

A

for caudal and hunchback

104
Q

Caudal

A

protein in drosophila around posterior end

105
Q

Hunchback

A

drosophila protein found in anterior end

106
Q

bicoid vs. caudal

A

bicoid protein blocks caudal mRNA from becoming caudal protein

107
Q

nanos and hunchback

A

nanos protein blocks hunchback mRNA from forming hunchback protein

108
Q
A

Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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