MOLECULAR ORIGIN OF POLYMER PROPERTIES Flashcards by Ming Ming | Brainscape

Q

These small units are repeated
throughout the macromolecule
chain

A

POLYMERS

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Q

macromolecule or long molecules

A

POLYMERS

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Q

built of small
covalently bonded units called
monomers

A

POLYMERS

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Q

Greek word for part

A

“mer” from meros

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Q

▪ The macromolecules are bonded
together by

A

weak Van der Waals
and hydrogen (secondary) bonds,
or additional covalent crosslinks

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Q

repeating unit of (image p3)

A

polyethylene (PE)

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Q

poly

A

many

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Q

mer

A

repeat unit

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Q

repeating unit of (image p3)

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

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Q

repeating unit of (image p3)

A

polypropylene (PP)

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

polypropylene

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

polyacetylene

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

polythiophene

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

polyphenylene sulfide

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Q

(image p4) commodity thermoplastics

A

polyanilines

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

polycarbonate (diphenyl carbonate)

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

polymethyl methacrylate

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

silicone polymers

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

polyvinylidene chloride

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

polyindene

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

polyvinyl pyrrolidone

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Q

(image 5) biomedical applications

A

coumarone polymer

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Q

Most polymers are _________, and formed from __________ molecules

A

organic , hydrocarbon

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Q

no. electrons in each C atom that participate in covalent bonding

A

4 electrons

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Q

no. bonding electron/s in each H atom

A

1 bonding electron

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Q

A single covalent bond exists when

A

each of the two bonding atoms contributes one
electron

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Q

involve the sharing of two and
three pairs of electrons

A

Double and triple bonds

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Q

Molecules that have double, and triple covalent bonds are termed

A

unsaturated

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Q

each carbon atom is not bonded to the maximum (four) other atoms

A

unsaturated (double, and triple bonds)

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Q

all bonds are single ones

A

a saturated hydrocarbon

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Q

no new atoms may be
joined without the removal of others that are already bonded

A

a saturated hydrocarbon

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Q

(image 7)

A

Methane , CH4

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Q

(image 7)

A

Ethane , C2H6

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Q

(image 7)

A

Propane , C3H8

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Q

(image 7)

A

hydrocarbon ethylene , C2H4

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Q

(image 7)

A

acetylene , C2H2

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Q

molecule that combines with other molecules of the
same or different type to form a polymer

A

monomer

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Q

The structure of the repeating unit of a polymer is essentially that or
_____________ to that of the ____________ molecule(s).

A

closely related , monomer

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Q

monomer for polyacrylonitrile

A

Acrylonitrile, CH2=CHCN

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Q

(image 8)

A

Acrylonitrile, CH2=CHCN

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Q

Monomer for polyethylene

A

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Q

Monomer for polyvinyl chloride

A

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Q

Monomer for polyisobutylene

A

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Q

Monomer for polystyrene

A

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Q

Monomer for polycaprolactam (6-nylon)

A

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Q

Monomer for polyisoprene (natural rubber)

A

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Q

a low-molecular-weight polymer. It contains at least two monomer units

A

oligomer

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Q

oligomer of polyethylene

A

hexatriacontane

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Q

(image 10)

A

hexatriacontane

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Q

ethylene gas is reacted under appropriate conditions, it will transform to

A

polyethylene (PE) , solid polymeric material

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Q

transformation of ethylene gas to
polyethylene (PE) begins when

A

an active center is formed by the reaction between an initiator or catalyst species (R.)
and the ethylene monomer

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Q

an active center is formed by the

A

reaction between an initiator or catalyst species (R.)
and the ethylene monomer

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Q

(image 11)

A

formation of an active center

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Q

The polymer chain then forms by the ____________ of monomer units to this
actively growing chain molecule.

A

sequential addition

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 12)

A

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 12)

A

polystyrene (PS)

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 13)

A

poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMMA

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 13)

A

phenol-formaldehyde (bakelite)

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 13)

A

poly(hexamethylene adipamide)
nylon 6,6

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 13)

A

poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PET, a polyester

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Q

repeat unit of polymer (image 13)

A

polycarbonate (PC)

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Q

specifies the length of the polymer molecule.

A

degree of polymerization

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Q

subscript designation, n, indicates the

A

number of repeating units strung
together in the polymer chain (molecule).

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Q

______________ normally required for a material to develop useful properties and before it can be appropriately described as a
polymer.

A

high degree of polymerization

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Q

dimensionless quantity given by the sum of the atomic weights in the molecular formula.

A

Molecular weight

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Q

equation for relation between degree of polymerization and molecular weight M of the same macromolecule

A

M = (DP)Msubs0

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Q

FIVE CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON

A

origin
polymer structure
polymerization mechanism
thermal processing behavior
preparative technique

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS BASED ON ORIGIN

A

NATURAL VS. SYNTHETIC

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Q

Wood, rubber, cotton, leather, wool, silk, protein, enzymes, starches, cellulose

A

natural polymers

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Q

Synthetic Polymers

A

✓ Fibers, elastomers, plastics, adhesives

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Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON POLYMER STRUCTURE

A

A. LINEAR, BRANCHED OR CROSS-LINKED, NETWORK VS.
FUNCTIONALITY
B. AMORPHOUS OR CRYSTALLINE
C. HOMOPOLYMER OR COPOLYMER
D. FIBERS, PLASTICS, OR ELASTOMERS

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Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON POLYMERIZATION
MECHANISM

A

CONDENSATION POLYMERS
ADDITION POLYMERS

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS ACCORDING TO
THERMAL PROCESSING BEHAVIOR

A

▪ THERMOPLASTICS
▪ THERMOSETS

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Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUE

A

▪ BULK POLYMERIZATION
▪ SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION
▪ SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
▪ EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

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Q

BULK PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS

A

▪ TENSILE STRENGTH
▪ YOUNG’S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
▪ TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
▪ PURE COMPONENT PHASE BEHAVIOR

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Q

its interlinking capacity, or
the number of sites it has available for bonding with other
molecules under specific polymerization conditions.

A

FUNCTIONALITY

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Q

under FUNCTIONALITY, a molecule may be classified ________________, ___________ and ____________ depending on whether it has one, two, or greater
than two sites available for linking with other molecules.

A

monofunctional, bifunctional, or
polyfunctional

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Q

those in which the
repeat units are joined together end to
end in single chains

A

✓Linear polymers

Q

These long chains
are flexible and may be thought of as a
mass of “spaghetti.”

A

✓Linear polymers

Q

Some of the common examples of
linear polymers are

A

polyethylene, PVC,
polystyrene, and polyamides.

Q

_________ polymers are generally more
rigid

A

linear

Q

have side chains or branches
growing out from the main chain

A

▪ BRANCHED POLYMERS

Q

The side chains or
branches are made of the _______________ as the
main polymer chains.

A

same repeating units

Q

For a polymer to classify as branched polymer the side
chains or branches should comprise of a minimum of ____________

A

one complete monomer unit

Q

One of the most common example branched

A

low-density
polyethylene (LDPE)

Q

applications ranging from
plastic bags, containers, textiles, and electrical insulation, to coatings for packaging materials

A

low-density polyethylene (LDPE) , branched polymers

Q

adjacent linear chains are joined one to another at various positions by covalent bonds

A

crosslinked polymers

Q

tend to be permanent in
nature

A

Crosslinks

Q

Once the crosslinks between the
chains develop the polymer then
becomes _______

A

thermoset.

Q

✓Common examples include

A

Bakelite,
melamine, epoxies, bulk molding
compounds, rubber, and various
adhesives.

Q

Multifunctional monomers forming
three or more active covalent bonds
make three-dimensional networks

A

network polymers

Q

These materials have distinctive
mechanical and thermal properties

A

network polymers

Q

network polymers

A

epoxies, polyurethanes, and
phenol-formaldehyde

Q

the material
exhibits organized and tightly packed molecular
chains

A

CRYSTALLINE

Q

they have good strength &
wear, and good chemical resistance, but they typically lack in impact resistance.

A

CRYSTALLINE

Q

✓Examples of crystalline polymers include

A

polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(ethylene
terephthalate), and polytetrafluoroethylene

Q

polymers that have no
crystalline regions and no uniformly packed
molecules

A

Amorphous polymers

Q

composed of amorphous regions where molecules
are randomly arranged.

A

Amorphous polymers

Q

good examples of amorphous polymers

A

✓Natural rubber latex and styrene-butadiene rubber
(SBR)

Q

measure of the degree of order or
orientation in a crystal.

A

degree of crystallinity

Q

ranges from 0 to 100%, where 0% represents
an amorphous material, and 100% represents a perfectly crystalline
material.

A

degree of crystallinity

Q

degree of crystallinity by ___________ may be determined from accurate
density measurements, according to

A

weight , (image 25)

Q

1, WATER BOTTLES, JARS, CAPS

A

PET (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)

Q

2, SHAMPOO BOTTLES, GROCERY BAGS

A

HDPE (HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)

Q

3, CLEANING PRODUCTS, SHEETINGS

A

PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)

Q

4, BREAD BAGS, PLASTIC FILMS

A

LDPE (LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)

Q

5, YOGURT CUPS, STRAWS, HANGER

A

POLYPROPYLENE

Q

6, TAKE-AWAY AND HARD PACKAGING TOYS

A

POLYSTYRENE

Q

7, BABY BOTTLES AND NYLON CDS

A

OTHERS

Q

(IMAGE 33)

A

condensation polymerisation

Q

✓When all of the repeating units along a chain are of
the same type, the resulting polymer is called a

A

homopolymer.

Q

✓The purpose of homopolymers is to produce a
polymer that has

A

increased mechanical properties.
These enhanced mechanical properties include:
tensile strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and
short-term creep resistance.

Q

increased mechanical properties enhanced

A

tensile strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and
short-term creep resistance.

Q

example of homopolymers

A

polyvinyl chloride
polyethylene
polypropylene,
polycarbonate
polyester
nylon 6
nylon 11,
polytetrafluoroethylene
styrene

Q

polymer made up of more
than one type of monomer unit.

A

COPOLYMER

Q

Copolymers are produced by polymerizing
two or more types of monomer together in
a process referred to as

A

copolymerization.

Q

The purpose of creating a copolymer is to
manufacture a polymer with

A

more desirable
properties

Q

Copolymers typically experience
a

A

lower crystallinity
higher glass transition
temperature
improved solubility

Q

to get Buna-S, copolymerization happened between

A

1,3-butadiene and Styrene

Q

to get Nylon 6,6, copolymerization happened between

A

Hexamethylenediamine and Adipic acid

Q

ABBABBBAABBAABAAABBA

A

two different mers by A and B, a random copolymer

Q

the two mers
alternate in a regular fashion along the polymer chain

A

alternating copolymer

Q

-ABABABABABABABABABAB-

A

alternating copolymer

Q

-AAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBB-

A

block copolymer

Q

a linear polymer with one or more long
uninterrupted sequences of each mer in the chain

A

block copolymer

Q

a branched
copolymer with a backbone of one type of mer and
one or more side chains of another mer

A

graft copolymer

Q

(image 29)

A

graft copolymer

Q

(image 29)

A

random
alternating
block
graft

Q

linear polymers with high
symmetry and high intermolecular forces
that result usually from the presence of polar groups

A

✓Fibers

Q

characterized by high modulus, high
tensile strength, and moderate extensibilities

A

✓Fibers

Q

Examples of fibers are

A

Polyester
Nylon,
Terelyne
Spandex
Kevlar
Rayon
Acetate
Acrylic
Lastex
Polypropylene

Q

molecules with
irregular structure, weak
intermolecular attractive forces, and
very flexible polymer chains.

A

elastomers

Q

Elastomers are polymers that have
viscosity and elasticity and therefore
are known as

A

viscoelasticity.

Q

polymers that have
viscosity and elasticity

A

Elastomers

Q

inherit the unique property of
regaining their original shape and
size after being significantly
stretched

A

Elastomers

Q

Examples of elastomers are

A

rubber
polyurethanes
polybutadiene

Q

a polymer, typically
modified with
additives, which can
be molded or
shaped under
reasonable
conditions of
pressure and
temperature

A

plastic

Q

commonly used in commercially sold water bottles, soft drink bottles, sports drink bottles, and
condiment bottles.

A

1 PET, Polyethylene terephthalate
PET

Q

commonly used in milk and juice bottles, detergent bottles.
shampoo bottles, grocery bags, and cereal box iners.

A

2 PE-HD, Polyethylene (high density)
HDPE

Q

can be flexible or
rigid

is used for plumbing pipes, clear food packaging, shrink
wrap, plastic children’s
toys, tablecloths, vinyl
flooring, children’s play mats, and blister packs (such as for medicines).

A

3 PVC, Polyvinyl chloride
PVC

Q

used for dry cleaning bags, bread
bags, newspaper bags, produce bags, and garbage bags, as well as
“paper” milk cartons and
hot/cold beverage cups.

A

04 PE-LD, Polyethylene (low density)
LDPE

Q

used to make
yogurt containers, deli
food containers, furniture,
luggage and winter clothing insulation.

A

05 PP
Polypropylene

Q

also popularly known as Styrofoam, is used for cups, plates, take-out
containers, supermarket meat trays, and packing peanuts.

A

06 PS
Polystyrene

Q

Any plastic item not made
from the above six
plastics is lumped
together HERE
things like CD’s baby
bottles and headlight
lens

A

07 O
Bisphenol A and others

Q

formed from a series of reactions, often of _________ type, in which any two
species can react at any time leading
to a larger molecule.

A

CONDENSATION POLYMERS, condensation

Q

form of a step-growth
polymerization where smaller
molecules or monomers react with
each other to form larger structural
units (usually polymers) while
releasing by-products

A

CONDENSATION POLYMERS

Q

releasing by-products in CONDENSATION POLYMERS.

A

water
or methanol molecule

Q

The by-products are normally referred to as

A

condensate.

Q

✓ This reaction can occur between any two growing polymer molecules

A

CONDENSATION POLYMERS

Q

✓ This reaction can occur between any two
growing polymer molecules and can be
represented by

A

(image 33)

Q

Several synthetic condensation polymers
include

A

nylon
kevlar
polyester
Bakelite,
Melamine
polycarbonates
polyurethanes
epoxies

Q

produced by reactions in which monomers are
added one after another to a rapidly growing chain.

A

Addition polymers

Q

✓Examples of addition polymers are

A

polystyrene
polyethylene,
polyacrylonitrile
polymethyl methacrylate
polyvinyl chloride

Q

if n is added in an ethene, it would result in a

A

polyethene (image 34)

Q

The addition polymerization can be schematically represented as follows

A

(image 34)

Q

✓Plastics that soften when heated and
become firm again when cooled

A

THERMOPLASTICS

Q

This is the more popular type of plastic because
the heating and cooling may be repeated
and reformed.

A

thermoplastic

Q

Most linear polymers and those having
some branched structures with flexible
chains are

A

thermoplastic

Q

✓Examples of common thermoplastic
polymers include

A

polyethylene
polystyrene
poly(ethylene terephthalate)
poly(vinyl chloride)
polypropylene,
polycarbonate
nylon
Teflon

Q

These are plastics that soften when heated and can
be molded but harden permanently.

A

THERMOSETS

Q

They will
decompose when reheated.

A

THERMOSETS

Q

✓ A thermoset when heated, undergoes a chemical
change to produce a

A

cross-linked, solid polymer. cross-linked, solid polymer.

Q

Thermosets usually exist initially as liquids called

A

prepolymers

Q

they can be shaped into desired forms
by the application of heat and pressure but are
incapable of undergoing repeated cycles of softening
and hardening.

A

prepolymers of thermosets

Q

Principal examples of thermosets include

A

epoxy
phenolformaldehyde resins
unsaturated polyesters.

Q

✓ Another example of thermosets

A

Bakelite

Q

used in toasters,
handles for pots and pans, dishes, electrical outlets
and billiard ba

A

Bakelite

Q

differences (image 37)

A

thermoplastic
thermosets

Q

draw the graph showing differences between thermoplastics and thermoset

A

(image 37)

Q

a polymer that is irreversibly hardened by heat

A

thermoset

Q

only the monomer
(and possibly catalyst and initiator, but no
solvent) is fed into the reactor.

A

▪ BULK POLYMERIZATION

Q

The
monomer undergoes polymerization, at the
end of which a solid mass is removed as
the

A

polymer product

Q

(image 38)

A

bulk polymerization

Q

Example of polymers that can be produced
by bulk polymerization are

A

polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)
polyethylene (PE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
Polystyrene (PS),
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Q

involves polymerization of a
monomer in a solvent in
which both the monomer
(reactant) and polymer
(product) are soluble.

A

✓Solution polymerization

Q

Reactant and product in Solution polymerization

A

monomer
(reactant) and polymer
(product)

Q

usage of ✓Solution polymerization
in the industry

A

production of

polyacrylonitrile
polyacrylic
acid
polyacrylamide
polyvinyl alcohol
polybutadiene

Q

refers to
polymerization in an aqueous medium with
the monomer as the dispersed phase.
Consequently, the polymer resulting from
such a system forms a solid dispersed phase.

A

Suspension polymerization

Q

✓Several commercially important ______________ are manufactured using
suspension polymerization

A

vinyl
copolymers

Q

Example of commercially important vinyl copolymers which are manufactured using
suspension polymerization

A

polystyrene (general purpose, expandable and
high impact)
polymethyl methacrylate
polyvinyl acetate
styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN)
copolymers
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
(ABS) copolymers
polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Q

(image 40)

A

suspension polymerization

Q

similar
to suspension polymerization, but
the initiator is located in the
aqueous phase (continuous phase)
in contrast to the monomer
(dispersed phase) in suspension
polymerization.

A

EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

Q

in EMULSION POLYMERIZATION, where the initiator is located

A

aqueous phase (continuous phase)

Q

example of emulsion polymerization is used
for the commercial manufacture of
many important polymers including
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

A

polymethyl methacrylate
polystyrene

Q

quantifies how much stress the
material will endure before failing

A

tensile strength of a material

Q

Tensile strength increases with

A

polymer chain length

Q

quantifies the
elasticity of the polymer

A

✓ Young’s Modulus

Q

ratio of the rate of
change of stress to strain.

A

✓ Young’s Modulus

Q

relate to how rapidly
molecules move through the polymer matrix

A

▪ TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

Q

example of ▪ TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

A

diffusivity

Q

important in many applications of polymers for films
and membranes.

A

▪ TRANSPORT PROPERTIES

Q

a transition from a crystalline or
semi-crystalline phase to a solid amorphous phase

NOT a
solid-liquid phase transition

A

➢MELTING POINT

Q

a crucial physical
parameter for polymer manufacturing, processing, and use

A

glass-transition temperature (Tg)

Q

✓ Below Tg

A

molecular motions are frozen, and polymers are brittle
and glassy.

Q

Above Tg

A

molecular motions are activated, and
polymers are rubbery and viscous