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Bio 140: Genetics > Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

branch of genetics that deals with the structure and function of genes at the molecular level

A

molecular genetics

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2
Q

genetic material

A

DNA

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3
Q

basic physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

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4
Q

made up of DNA and and associated proteins, including positively charged histones and less positively charged non-histone proteins

A

chromatin

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5
Q

fives types of histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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6
Q

secondary structure of the chromatin made up of 6 nucleosomes

A

solenoid

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7
Q

composed of a segment of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins (2 of each - H2A, H2B, H3, H4)

A

nucleosome

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8
Q

connects adjacent nucleosomes (associated with H1)

A

spacer or linker DNA

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9
Q

characteristics of genetic material

A

stable, replicable, translatable, mutable

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10
Q

transformation principle of Griffith

A

virulent strain -> dead
avirulent/ heat-killed virulent strain - > alive
avirulent + heat-killed virulent strain -> dead
must be a transformation

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11
Q

Avery: DNA as transforming principle

A

w/ protease -> transformation
w/ deoxyribonuclease -> no transformation
DNA must be the transforming principle

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12
Q

Hershey-Chase experiment

A

T2 bacteriophage
P-labeled DNA transferred into bacterial cell
S-labeled proteins found in phage ghosts

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13
Q

genetic material of 5 kingdoms of life + virus

A

ds-DNA - plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, archaeans

DNA/RNA or single-/double- - viruses

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14
Q

differentiate DNA and RNA based on (1) nitrogenous base; (2) sugar present; (3) pentose sugars

A

(1) thymine vs. uracil
(2) deoxyribose vs. ribose
(3) no OH group on 2’-C vs. present OH group on 2’-C

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15
Q

made up of sequences of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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16
Q

building block of DNA/RNA

A

nucleotide

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17
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group, N base

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18
Q

differentiate pyrimidine vs. purine based on (1) no. of rings present, (2) ring structure, (3) covalent bond with sugar phosphate, (4) examples

A

(1) 6 vs. 9; (2) single vs. double; (3) N1 atom vs. N9 atom; (4) C, U, T vs. A, G

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19
Q

N base + pentose sugar

A

nucleoside

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20
Q

nucleoside + phosphate

A

nucleotide

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21
Q

bond between sugar and phosphate

A

C2’, C3’, (primarily) C5’

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22
Q

covalent bond joining nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bonds C3’ atom to C5’ (3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bond)

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23
Q

joins the two chains of DNA/RNA between pairs of nucleotides

A

H-bonds

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24
Q

number of bonds between (1) A-T, (2) G-C

A

(1) 2 H-bonds, (2) 3 H-bonds

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25
Q

rule which states that a purine binds with a pyrimidine

A

Chargaff’s rule

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26
Q

Watson-Crick model of DNA

A

ribbon-like strands = sugar-phosphate backbone
horizontal rungs = N base pairs
antiparallel strands
complementary

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27
Q

A-DNA, B-DNA, vs. Z-DNA

A

(1) high salt/dehydration conditions
(2) Watson and Crick’s model; aqueous no salt conditions; biologically significant conformation
(3) exist in some regions of chromosomes

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28
Q

describes the flow/transfer of genetic information within a biological system and is often stated as DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein

A

central dogma

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29
Q

three general transfers

A

DNA replication, transcription, translation

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30
Q

special transfers that occur in some viruses

A

RNA replication, reverse transcription

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31
Q

DNA is copied into DNA; occurs at S phase of interphase

A

DNA replication

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32
Q

DNA information is copied into mRNA

A

transcription

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33
Q

synthesis of protein using mRNA

A

translation

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34
Q

replication of RNA from RNA by RNA replicase

A

RNA replication

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35
Q

synthesis of DNA using RNA

A

reverse transcription using reverse transcriptase

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36
Q

phenomenon in which a new of strand of DNA is made of a parental strand and a new strand

A

semi-conservative replication

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37
Q

breaks H-bonds between N-bases to cause unwinding of DNA strands

A

helicase

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38
Q

prevent rewinding of two strands by stabilizing them

A

single-strand binding proteins

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39
Q

catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer for replication

A

primase

40
Q

relaxes supercoiling by introducing single- or double- stranded cuts into the DNA molecule

A

DNA gyrase/ DNA topoisomerase

41
Q

catalyzes the synthesis of DNA molecules from the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

DNA pol III

42
Q

provides the 3’OH group needed by DNA polymerase

A

RNA polymerase

43
Q

replaces RNA primer with DNA nt

A

DNA pol I

44
Q

formed by the opening of the origin of replication

A

replication fork

45
Q

newly synthesized DNA, continuous DNA synthesis

A

leading strand

46
Q

discontinuous DNA synthesis

A

lagging strand

47
Q

fragments of small DNA present in the lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragments

48
Q

origin of replication in E. coli with 9-mers and 13-mers

A

OriC

49
Q

initiates unwinding of DNA helix in E. coli

A

DnaA

50
Q

joins fragments of DNA nucleotides and seals nicks between discontinuously synthesized strands

A

DNA ligase

51
Q

DNA polymerase holoenzyme

A

DNA pol III

52
Q

subunit of DNA pol III responsible for nucleotide polymerization

A

alpha subunit

53
Q

subunit of DNA pol III responsible for 3 to 5 exonuclease activity/proof-reading ability

A

epsilon subunit

54
Q

sliding clamp structure of DNA pol III which prevents the core enzyme from falling off the template during polymerization

A

beta subunit

55
Q

Why are more DNAs replicated in eukaryotes even if DNA replication in bacteria is 500 nt/second and only 15 nt/second in eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have multiple replication bubbles per parent DNA

56
Q

DNA pol involved in the repair of DNA damage due to external forces like UV light

A

DNA Pol II, IV, V

57
Q

ends of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes which preserves integrity and stability of a linear chromosome

A

telomeres

58
Q

problem encountered during DNA replication at the telomere

A

gaps left by RNA pol at lagging strand template leaving a gap labeled ‘–b–’

59
Q

solution to the problem of telomere shortening; ribonucleoprotein containing RNA as a guide for the attachment and a template for RT

A

telomerase

60
Q

process by which information stored in the DNA is converted into instructions for making a functional product such as proteins/RNA

A

gene expression

61
Q

two steps of gene expression

A

translation and transcription

62
Q

DNA replication vs. RNA transcription

A

(1) only a small region of DNA is used as template in transcription (2) transcription makes use of RNA pol vs. DNA pol (3) transcription results in ssRNA

63
Q

RNA which plays a role in translation; acts as temporary carrier of amino acids

A

transfer RNA

64
Q

RNA which becomes part of a ribosome, the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomal RNA

65
Q

RNA which are protein-coding genes that are translated to proteins; template for protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA

66
Q

regulatory mRNA

A

micro RNA

67
Q

serves as the binding site of RNA polymerase in transcription

A

promoter sequence

68
Q

recognizes the promoter and catalyzes the synthesis of RNA molecules

A

RNA pol

69
Q

step of transcription which involves the insertion of a ribonucleotide at the start site

A

initiation

70
Q

step of transcription where ribonucleotide complements are inserted

A

elongation

71
Q

step of trasncription where transcribed RNA molecule is released

A

termination

72
Q

formed when RNA pol binds to a promoter and the two strands of DNA detach from each other

A

replication bubble

73
Q

untranscribed strand which has an identical sequence to the transcribed RNA

A

sense strand

74
Q

serves as the template strand

A

anti-sense strand

75
Q

subunits of RNA pol which provide the catalytic basis and active site for trancription

A

beta and beta’

76
Q

subunit of RNA pol and has a regulatory role; recognizes promoters

A

sigma factor

77
Q

How does termination of transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

hairpin loop secondary structure, Rho protein

78
Q

Bind to promoters of certain genes among eukaryotes; also known as reprogramming factors (can reprogram differentiated cell to become pluripotent)

A

transcription factors

79
Q

basic building blocks of a protein

A

amino acids

80
Q

may increase or decrease the level of expression of genes (includes silencers and enhancers)

A

regulatory elements

81
Q

Silencers can bind transcription regulation factors known as _____.

A

repressors

82
Q

primary RNA transcript produced at the end of transcription in eukaryotes

A

pre-mRNA

83
Q

coding sequences

A

exons

84
Q

non-coding sequences

A

introns

85
Q

steps post-transcriptional RNA processing

A

5’-capping, 3’-polyadenylation, removal of introns and joining of exons

86
Q

removes introns and joins exons; consists of small nuclear RNAs complexed with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

A

spliceosomes

87
Q

types of RNA in bacteria vs. archaea. vs. eukarya

A

1 type vs. several types but not fully studied vs. 3 types

88
Q

use of RNA pol I, II, III in eukaryotes

A

I - rRNA, II - mRNA, III - tRNA

89
Q

consists of three nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

A

codon

90
Q

Amino acids are linked together by ____.

A

peptide bonds

91
Q

chain of amino acids

A

proteins

92
Q

level of structure in proteins - sequence of amino acids

A

primary

93
Q

level of structure in proteins - patterns of folding (alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets)

A

secondary

94
Q

level of structure in proteins - folding of the entire polypeptide into 3D

A

tertiary

95
Q

level of structure in proteins - how different subunits are packed together to form overall structure of protein

A

quaternary

Bio 140: Genetics (1 decks)

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