Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

Question 1

Characteristics of restriction enzymes

Answer 1

180 axis of symmetry

Recognize a 4 nt sequence or a 6 nt sequence

Question 2

Gene Cloning (3 steps)

Answer 2

Digest chromosmal and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme
Mix. Sticky ends will form base pairs (anneal)
Seal the nicks with DNA ligase

Question 3

2 Types of vectors

Answer 3

Cloning vectors and shuttle vectors

Question 4

Standard cloning plasmid

Answer 4

small, circular, site of origin, antibiotic resistance gene

Question 5

Expression Plasmid

Answer 5

specialized vector can overproduce the protein encoded by the gene

Question 6

Shuttle vectors

Answer 6

contain origins of replication for two organisms

Question 7

DNA library

Answer 7

test tube containing fragments of every gene in an organism

Question 8

DNA probe

Answer 8

radioactive DNA fragment that is complimentary to the gene you want to clone

Question 9

Southern blot

Answer 9

Probing for DNA fragment using a DNA probe that is complimentary to the gene of interest

Question 10

Northern blot

Answer 10

Probing for RNA fragment using a DNA probe that is complementary to the gene (transcript) of interest

Question 11

Western bloth

Answer 11

probing for protein using antibodies that are specific for the protein of interest

Question 12

PCR

Answer 12

used to amplify specific regions of DNA.

Question 13

RFLP Mapping

Answer 13

can be used to identify genetic defect

Question 14

DNA Sequencing

Answer 14

used to determine nucleotide sequence of any gene

can show gene mutation

Question 15

Dideoxy Sequencing

Answer 15

ddNTPs are used to cause chain termination

four seperate reactions

Question 16

Automated sequencing

Answer 16

use fluorescent dyes

using laser detections the genome sequence is shown

Question 17

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 17

Short tandem repeats- each individual has a different amount of repeats and at different lengths

Question 18

Forward genetics

Answer 18

identify phenotype you want to study, isolate gene and study it, purify and study protein

Question 19

Reverse genetics

Answer 19

isolate protein, isolate gene, make gene mutations and find out which mutations make what penotype

Question 20

Human genetic screening

Answer 20

finding chromosome abnormalities or genetic mutations before or after birth

Question 21

Human gene therapy

Answer 21

correct genetic defect by inserting wild type gene into actively dividing tissue

Question 22

Ti plasmid

Answer 22

bacteria infects plant and transfers part of the plasmid

Question 23

Genomics

Answer 23

study of content, organization, function and evolution of entire genomes

Question 24

Map based sequencing

Answer 24

sequence overlapping clones

detailed map of genetic and physical maps of genomes

Question 25

Shotgun sequencing

Answer 25

assemble the sequence fragments into a complete chromosome by identifying sequence over laps

Question 26

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 26

site in a genome where individual members of a species differ by a single base pair

Question 27

SNPs linked to

Answer 27

a disease causing allele tend to be inherited together

Question 28

Genomewide Association Studies

Answer 28

use of numerous SNPs to identify genes that are associated with certain diseases
does not work well with traits influenced by multiple genes

Question 29

Metagenomics

Answer 29

genome sequence of an entire group of organisms that inhibit a common environment are sampled and determined
gain understanding of bacteria living there

Question 30

Bioinformatics

Answer 30

required to derive meaning from a genome sequence

Question 31

Functional Genomics

Answer 31

study all gene products simultaneously

Question 32

Transcriptome Analysis

Answer 32

analyze the expression patterns of all genes simultaneously under various conditions

Question 33

Homologs

Answer 33

closely related genes

Question 34

Orthologs

Answer 34

same genetic locus inherited from a common ancestor

Question 35

Paralogs

Answer 35

genes that are related via gene duplication events

Question 36

Phenome analysis

Answer 36

identification of many phenotypes associated with the inactivation of each gene