molecular bonding

Question 1

Condensation reaction:

Answer 1

A reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water.

Question 2

Hydrolysis reaction:

Answer 2

A reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water.

Question 3

when do condensation reactions happen

Answer 3

when two -OH groups on different molecules react together, the covalent bonds break, and a H2O molecule is formed, this leaves the two molecules joined by covalent bonds linked by the remaining oxygen atom. Hydrolysis is the reverse of this when a H2O molecule is added.

Question 4

Monomer:

Answer 4

A small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form polymer.

Question 5

Polymer:

Answer 5

A large molecule made from smaller molecules called monomers.

Question 6

Covalent bond:

Answer 6

A strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms and so creating a molecule. Atoms are more stable when they have a full outer shell of electrons.

Question 7

Hydrogen bond:

Answer 7

A weak interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds as the charges on the atoms are weaker – weaker electrostatic force. In some polymers, hydrogen bonds form between chains of monomers – stabilising.

Each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds.

Question 8

Polar molecule:

Answer 8

A molecule with regions of negative and positive charge.
Water consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen
atom. The oxygen has a greater number of positively charged protons in its nucleus, and so exerts a stronger electrostatic attraction for the shared electrons, so they are positioned close to the oxygen atom than the hydrogens. This means the oxygen atom becomes slightly negative, and the hydrogen atoms become slightly positive – polar.