Molecular Biology (Quiz 2 Chp 12, 13, 15) Flashcards
What are the stages of prokaryotic protein translation?
What are the stages of eukaryotic protein translation?
- Pre-initiation
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
- Post-translational processing
mRNA is read for protein translation for _______ to ________.
5’ to 3’
Why is mRNA reading different from DNA replication and DNA transcription?
mRNA is read from 5’ to 3’ for transcription while DNA is read from 3’ to 5’ for both replication and transcription.
What is genetic code?
The genetic code determines what amino acid in encoded within the 3 nucleotide sequence (codon)
Most amino acids are determined by more than 1 codon. However, which two amino acids are only determined by 1 codon?
Methionine and Tryptophan
What is a codon?
This is the set of 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid
The genetic code is ________ and _________.
Unambiguous and degenerate
What does it mean that the genetic code is unambiguous?
This means that only 1 amino acid is indicated by each of the 61 codons. There is not more than 1 amino acid for a codon.
What does it mean that the genetic code is degenerate?
This means that each amino acid is encoded by two or more codons with exceptions for Tryptophan and Methionine which are encoded by 1 codon only.
The genetic code provides ________ unique codon combinations of nucleotides that will code for amino acids.
64 (61 encode for actual amino acids while 3 encode are nonsense and stops codons)
What is an anti-codon?
This is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA that match the complementary codon in mRNA.
What is the “Wobble” hypothesis for tRNA?
This is the reason why tRNA can encode for more than one codon on mRNA.
What are the characteristics behind the wobble hypothesis for tRNA?
- The first two base pairs between codon and anticodon from the strongest and standard base pairs
-the wobble position is at the 3’end of the codon and the 5’ end of the anticodon which is a weaker bond
Why can tRNA recognize more than 1 codon?
What is a reading frame?
This is the way of dividing and reading the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA molecules into a continuous set of NON-OVERLAPPING triplets.
What do all reading frames start with?
The AUG initiation codon. This encodes for methionine.
Are DNA mutations random or non-random?
DNA mutations are random.
DNA mutations are in the chantes in nucleotides sequences in DNA strands. A mutation __________ be repaired. Therefore, they are ________ when the cell divides.
CANNOT
Replicated
What are the differences between DNA damage and DNA mutations?
DNA damages can be repaired so they are temporary. DNA mutations cannot be repaired so they are permanent and are most likely derived from DNA damage.
Which direction is a polypeptide synthesized?
What are the 3 types of DNA mutations?
- Point mutation
- Insertion
- Deletion
What are the two types of the DNA mutation known as a point mutation?
Transition and Transversion mutations
What is a transition point mutation in DNA mutations?
This is when 1 purine (or pyrimidine) is replaced by another purine (or pyrimidine).