Molecular biology of the cell Flashcards
What is an autosome?
Non sex chromosomes.
Which enzyme unwinds DNA as part of transcription?
RNA polymerase.
What is the promoter region of a gene?
Where RNA polymerase binds at 5’
What are exons?
Regions of DNA which make it into the final transcription.
What is added post-translation stop site?
A polyA sequence.
What are introns?
Regions of DNA which do not make it into RNA.
What is at either end of nuclear RNA? (pre-mRNA)
m7GAC attached at beginning.
PolyA tail at end.
How is pre-mRNA processed into mRNA?
Through splicing.
Comes in splice isoforms.
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes.
How do amino acids get to the ribosomes?
The use of tRNA.
What are the different types of epigenetic regulation?
DNA methylation.
Histone acetylation.
Protein ubiquitylation.
What are the different types of transcriptional regulation?
Transcription factors.
Enhancers and repressors.
Steroid hormones.
How does transcript processing allow for regulation?
Alternative splicing.
MicroRNA-mediated degradation.
Non-sense mediated degradation.
Capping/polyA/RNA binding proteins.
Name a form of translation regulation.
Micro RNA and long-noncoding RNAs.
What are the forms of (protein level) post translational regulation?
Phosphorylation.
Glycosylation.
Ubiquitylation/de-ubiquitylation.
What are the ways mutations can be acquired?
Inherited:
Follows classic Mendelian inheritance rules.
De novo:
Both parents normal.
Single mutation in sperm or egg transmits to child.
Or mutation occurs in zygote very early in pregnancy.
Somatic:
Child has mutation in early post-zygotic development (present in percentage of cells).
Child has mosaic mutation later in development (affects fewer cells)(somatic does not affect offspring).
How are some alleles dominant?
Mutations activate an aberrant function.
OR alters structure.
OR affects proteins which are very sensitive to abundance.
How are some alleles recessive?
Mostly mutations which lead to loss of function.
