Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oncology > Molecular Biology, Genetics and Immunology of Cancer > Flashcards

Molecular Biology, Genetics and Immunology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Original DNA composed of 4 bases

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine (In mRNA Uracil substituted)
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA is transcribed by what to RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe translation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are your essential Amino Acids?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Cell differentiation correlates with loss of ability to ___________;
  2. Highly specialized cells are what?
A
  1. proliferate
  2. terminally differentiated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Terminally differentiated cells have a _______ life span,
  2. and are replaced with new cells produced from where?
A
  1. finite
  2. stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ _____ are capable of self-renewal; cells divide without undergoing what?

A

Stem cells

terminal differentiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Normal cell cycle is controlled by what?
  2. What binds to surface receptors on the cell?
  3. What relay signals into the cell?
A
  1. Signal transduction
  2. Growth factors
  3. transmembrane proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of growth factors?

A
  1. Growth factors stimulate cell division
  2. Growth-inhibiting factors inhibit cell division.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the cell cycle phases?

5

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. Healthy cells divide only when what favors cell division?
  2. Cancer cells divide without what?
A
  1. growth factor and growth-inhibiting factor balance favors cell division.
  2. constraint (e.g., mutations in growth and growth-inhibiting factor genes).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. All cancer cells contain what?
  2. Two categories of cancer genes: dominant and recessive
A
  1. Cancer cells contain genetically altered DNA
    - Hereditary / Germline
    - Somatic / Spontaneous

2.

  • dominant termed “proto-oncogenes”
  • recessive termed “tumor suppressor”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Describe Gain-of-function mutations?
  2. Describe loss-of-function mutations?
A
  1. Gain-of-function mutations: altered or unregulated activity of a “proto-oncogene” leads to tumorigenesis
  2. Loss-of-function mutations: loss of activity of tumor suppressors results in unregulated pathways and tumorigenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer?

8

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  3. Evading apoptosis
  4. Limitless reproductive potential
  5. Capacity to invade other tissues
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
  7. Tissue invasion and metastases
  8. Genomic instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cancer cells can invade by what?

6

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Moecular basis of Cancer:

  1. Mutations? 3
  2. Which genes increase?
  3. Which genes decrease?
  4. What do these imblances lead to?
A

1.

  • Radiation
  • Chemicals
  • Virus
    2. Oncogenes
    3. Tumor suppressor genes
    4. Uncontrolled cell growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. What are Proto-oncogenes?
  2. How do proto-oncogenes normally function? 3
  3. What kind of cells can they be?3
A
  1. Proto-oncogenes are normal cell proteins that have the potential to cause cancer when mutated
  2. associated with cell growth, cell division and cell differentiation
  3. can be:
    - cell surface receptors
    - adapter molecules
    - enzymes - kinases/ phosphatases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the following cancer types:

  1. Carcinoma?
  2. Sarcoma?
  3. Lymphoma?
  4. Germ cell tumors?
  5. Blastomas?
A
  1. Carcinoma- epithelial cells
  2. Sarcoma- connective tissue cells
  3. Lymphoma and Leukemia
  4. Germ cell tumors- Testicle and ovary
  5. Blastomas- immature cells or embryonic tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Retinoblastoma (Rb) caused by what mutated gene?

A

Mutated Rb gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Summary: Methods of identification of cancer critical genes?

4

A
  1. Assay for oncogenic effects
  2. Study of rare syndromes-tumor suppressors
  3. Candidate genes
  4. Genomics: exhaustive surveying is feasible. Identify every change in tumor cell vs. normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the steps in Carcinogenesis?

3

A
22
Q

Describe the three types of progression in carcinogenesis?

A

Progression

  1. Primary tumor growth
  2. Local/Regional spread
  3. Distant spread
23
Q

Dividing cells are in what layer of the skin?

A

basal layer

24
Q

Describe the three steps in Invasion and metastasis?

A
25
Q

Name A-D?

A

A. Normal epithelium

B. Dysplasia (mutation)

C. Pre-malignant (Carcinoma in situ)

D. Malignant (Invasive Cancer)

26
Q

What is pictured in the following?

A

Leukoplakia of the oral cavity: pre-malignant squamous mucosal change

27
Q

What is the following?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

28
Q

What is the following?

A

Apical lung mass in a 60 year old lady. Hx of ++ cigarettes and Marijuana.

29
Q
  1. Cancer cells grow into a clump and now needs what?
A
  1. its own blood supply
30
Q

Metastasis on a cellular level

12 Steps

A
31
Q

Distant spread : Metastasis

Describe the kinds of spread?

3

A
  1. Spread to other organs through the blood stream
  2. Spread to other organs through the lymphatic fluid system
  3. Seeding into spaces in the body
32
Q

Sites of metastases of common cancers

Breast? 5

Lung? 5

Colorectal? 3

Prostate? 2

Melanoma? 5

Primary Brain? 2

A
33
Q

Name the regional lymph node drainage in each of the following Primary Cancer Type:

  1. Breast? 2
  2. Lung? 3
  3. Colorectal? 2
  4. Prostate? 1
  5. Melanoma? 1
A

Regional Nodal Drainage

1.

  • Axilla,
  • Internal Mammary

2.

  • Hilar,
  • mediastinal,
  • supra-clav

3.

  • Pelvic
  • mesenteric
    4. Pelvic
    5. Regional nodes
34
Q
  1. Describe local seeding?
  2. What spaces for example? 3
A
  1. Local seeding- The cancer has to start in, or invade into a body space.

2.

  • Abdomen
  • Lung
  • Pericardial space
35
Q
  1. Normal cell = 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 = ______?
  2. Cancer cell = Can have less than or more than

46 chromosomes =__________?

A
  1. DIPLOID
  2. ANEUPLOID
36
Q

Describe the differentiation, characteristics, and growth rate of each of the following grades:

1

2

3

4

A
37
Q

Cancer Stem Cell Theory

There are two competing visions of tumors.

Old cancer model? 3 steps

A

1) All tumor cells can form new tumors and are therefore equally tumorigenic.
2) Unregulated growth is due to serial acquisition of genetic events leading to the expression of genes that promote cell proliferation with concomitant silencing of growth inhibitory genes and blunting of cell death.
3) Cancer is a proliferative disease.

38
Q

Cancer Stem Cell Theory

New Cancer Model?

3 steps

A

1) Tumors arise from cells termed cancer stem cells that have properties of normal stem cells, particularly self-renewal and multipotent (a minority) of tumor cells.
2) Unregulated cell growth is due to a disruption in the regulatory mechanism in stem cell renewal.
3) Cancer is a stem cell disorder and not a simple mechanism whereby cell proliferation is disrupted.

39
Q

Describe the difference in Cancer Stem Cell Therapy compared to Conventional cancer therapy?

A
40
Q
  1. Conventional chemotherapies kill what?
  2. A population of cancer stem cells which gave rise to it, remains untouched and may cause what?
  3. Development of specific therapies targeted at the ________ holds hope for improvement of survival and quality of life of cancer patients, especially for sufferers of metastatic disease
A
  1. differentiated or differentiating cells, which form the bulk of the tumor but are unable to generate a new one.
  2. a relapse of the disease.
  3. stem cell
41
Q

What are Cancer Stem Cells?

3 characteristics

A

Cells that have properties of normal stem cells:

1) The abilities to self-renew.
2) The ability to differentiate into multiple cell types.
3) They form a distinct population in tumors that likely causes disease relapse and metastasis.

42
Q

What are the surgical choices for breast cancer?

2

A
  1. Lumpectomy + radiation
  2. Mastectomy
43
Q

Describe the difference in sporadic versus hereditary cancers?

A
44
Q

Patterns of Hereditary Cancers

4

A
  1. More cancer (of related type) in a family than expected by chance alone
  2. Vertical transmission within a family
  3. Early ages of onset
  4. Multiple primary cancers in one individual
45
Q

Common Hereditary Cancer Syndromes

3

A
  1. Hereditary Breast/Ovarian cancer syndrome
  2. Lynch (HNPCC) syndrome
  3. Familial Adenomatous polyposis syndrome
46
Q

Which does each of the following affect and what genes are mutated:

  1. Hereditary Breast/Ovarian cancer syndrome? 5 organs, 2 genes
  2. Lynch (HNPCC) syndrome? 7 organs, 5 genes
  3. Familial Adenomatous polyposis syndrome? 6 organs, 2 genes
A
  1. Breast, ovarian, male breast, prostate, pancreatic
  2. Caused by mutations to BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes
  3. Colon, gastric, endometrial, ovarian, small bowel, pancreas, brain
  4. Caused by mutations to MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 genes
  5. Colon, stomach, thyroid, brain, liver, adrenal gland
  6. Caused by mutations to APC or MYH genes
47
Q
  1. What is lynch syndrome?
  2. Which genes are involved? 5
  3. Malignancies may include what? 7
A
  1. Mismatch repair genes: maintain DNA integrity during DNA replication
    - Often leads to microsatellite instability in tumors
  2. Mutations to 5 different genes (genetic heterogeneity)
    - MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2
  3. colon, stomach, uterine, small bowel, ovarian, ureters, kidney
48
Q
  1. Prophylactic Surgery Options for HNPCC-Associated Mutation Carriers

3

  1. Surgery does not do what?
A
  1. Options include
    - subtotal colectomy,
    - hysterectomy, and
    - oophorectomy
  2. Surgery does not eliminate cancer risk

Expert panel made no recommendation for or against surgery due to unproven efficacy*

49
Q

Surveillance Options for Pts
of HNPCC-Assoc. Mutations

  1. Colorectal Cancer intervention?
  2. Recommendation?
  3. Endometrial cancer intervention? 2
  4. Recommendation?
A
50
Q
  1. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (P53 gene)- which cancers? 5
  2. Cowden Syndrome (PTEN gene)? 5
  3. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (STK11 gene)? 5
  4. Xeroderma pigmentosa syndrome (XP3 gene)? 3
  5. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL gene) 5
  6. Multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 syndrome (MEN1 gene)? 4
A
  1. Breast, bone, leukemia, brain, soft tissue sarcomas
  2. Breast, uterine, thyroid, ovarian, colon cancers
  3. Colon, small bowel, breast, ovarian, pancreatic cancers
  4. Basal cell, squamous cell and melanoma cancers
  5. Brain, retina, kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland cancers
  6. Pancreas, pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid cancers

Oncology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions