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Biology quiz 1 > Molecular biology > Flashcards

Molecular biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what kind of reactions are there

A

metabolic processes, anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions

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2
Q

metabolism

A

the totality of chemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism, controlled by enzymes

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3
Q

expression of enzymes is regulated by…

A

gene activation

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4
Q

2 key functions of metabolism

A

1) to provide a source of energy for cellular processes (growth, reproduction, etc)
2) to enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use in the cell

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5
Q

metabolic reactions follow…

A

anabolic or catabolic pathways

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6
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

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7
Q

anabolism …

A

builds up complex molecules from simple ones

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8
Q

what happens in anabolism (chemicaly)

A

monomers are covalently joined and H2O is produced as a by-product

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9
Q

how is anabolism possible

A

it requires energy supplied from ATP

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10
Q

anabolism includes the following processes

A

1) protein synthesis using ribosomes
2) DNA synthesis during replication
3) photosynthesis, including production of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
4) synthesis of complex carbohydrates including starch, cellulose and glycogen

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11
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones including hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

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12
Q

some monomers

A

glucose, amino acids

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13
Q

catabolism chemically

A

covalent bonds are broken via the consumption of H2O

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14
Q

how is catabolism possible

A

it releases energy and in some cases it is captured in form of ATP

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15
Q

what processes does catabolism include

A

1) digestion of food in the mouth, stomach and small intestine
2) cell respiration in which glucose or lipids are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water
3) digestion of complex carbon compounds in dead organic matter by decomposers

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16
Q

how many bonds can carbon form

A

4 covalent bonds

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17
Q

exception to the 4 covalent bonds

A

carbonates, oxides of carbon and hydrogen carbonates

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18
Q

covalent bond

A

the strongest type of bond, so stable molecules based on carbon can be produced

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19
Q

4 bonds can be…

A

4 single covalent bonds or 2 single and 1 double bond

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20
Q

organic compunds

A

glucose, fats, proteins

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21
Q

the angle in carbon bonds

A

109.5

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22
Q

carbon based compounds found in living organisms

A

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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23
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

the breaking in which 2 smaller organic molecules combine by the addition of H20 molecules

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24
Q

condensation reaction

A

the reaction in which 2 smaller organic molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the accompanied formation of H20 or come other simple molecule

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25
Q

macromolecules contain

A

C, H, O and N appears in proteins and nucleic acids and P appears in phospholipids

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26
Q

carbohydrates are composed of

A

C, H and O and H:O = 2:1

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27
Q

name carbohydrates

A

alpha D glucose, beta D glucose, starch, ribose

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28
Q

formula for ribose

A

C5H10O5

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29
Q

draw ribose molecule

A

…

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30
Q

formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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31
Q

draw a glucose molecule

A

…

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32
Q

monomer (carbohydrates) =

A

monosaccharide

33
Q

examples of monomers for cyrbohydrates

A

glucose and ribose

34
Q

alpha D glucose

A

used in production of ATP in cells

35
Q

beta D glucose

A

used to build cell walls in plants

36
Q

starch

A

used as a long-term storage in plants

37
Q

ribose

A

used as a component of DNA and RNA

38
Q

lipids

A

molecules that are insoluble in H20, including steroids, waxes, fatty acids and triglycerides

39
Q

do lipids have monomers

A

no :)

40
Q

how to triglycerides behave

A

they act as fats if they’re solid at room temp, and oils if they’re liquid at room T

41
Q

triglycerides

A

used as long-term storage in adipose tissue in animals

42
Q

steroids

A

used as a chemical messengers in the body, have a distinctive ring shape

43
Q

phospholipids

A

major component of plasma membranes

44
Q

draw a fatty acid

A

…

45
Q

proteins

A

composed of one or more chains of amino acids and they contain C, O, H and N; 2 of 20 amino acids contain S

46
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

47
Q

draw a protein

A

…

48
Q

structural proteins

A

proteins such as keratin and collagen form the structural framework of many parts of the body

49
Q

enzymes

A

metabolic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

50
Q

polypeptides

A

a sequence of amino acids that may make up a protein, or a series of polypeptides can also make up a protein

51
Q

nucleic acids

A

chains of subunits called nucleotides

52
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotids

53
Q

nucleic acids contain …

A

C, H, O, N, P

54
Q

types of nucleic acids

A

ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid

55
Q

DNA

A

used to storage genetic information

56
Q

RNA

A

used to create proteins at ribosomes using the information stored in DNA

57
Q

draw alpha D glucose

A

…

58
Q

draw beta D glucose

A

…

59
Q

hydroxyl group

A

…, OH

60
Q

amine group

A

…, NH2

61
Q

carboxyl group

A

…, COOH

62
Q

methyl group

A

…, CH3

63
Q

draw saturated fatty acids

A

… (unbranched chain)

64
Q

draw unsaturated fatty acids

A

… (branched chain)

65
Q

draw a nucleic acid

A

… (has phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

66
Q

polymer of carbohydrate

A

polysaccharide

67
Q

polymer of lipids

A

trygliceride

68
Q

polymer of proteins

A

polypeptide

69
Q

polymer of nucleic acid

A

DNA or RNA

70
Q

bond in carbohydrtates

A

glycosidic link

71
Q

bonds in lipids

A

ester linkage

72
Q

bonds in proteins

A

peptide bond

73
Q

bonds in nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester bonds

74
Q

lipids monomers role

A

lipids aren’t composed of monomers, but triglycerides do have distinctive subunits, like glycerol and fatty acids

75
Q

urea

A

organic compound with the formula CO(NH2)2, used by human body to excrete nitrogen because urea is non-toxic and highly soluble

76
Q

urea is used …

A

as a nitrogen fertilizer, artificial synthesis, synthesis of organic compound from 2 inorganic molecules

77
Q

theory of vitalism

A

organic compounds can be synthesised by living organisms as they posses an element that non-living things don’t have - divine principle - falsified by artificial synthesis of urea

78
Q

draw a diagram of urea

A

…

79
Q

how urea is artificially formed

A

cyanic acid + Ammonia = ammonium cyanate = urea

Biology quiz 1 (2 decks)

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