Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular and Cellular Pathology > Molecular Basis of Liver > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What organ is only found in vertebrates?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is liver regeneration?

A

a logical adaptation to function due to it being the main detoxification organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What occurs during partial hepatectomy?

A

surgical resection of two-thirds of liver mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the result of partial hepatectomy?

A

resection triggers process of regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does partial hepatectomy ensure?

A

It ensures proliferation and expansion of all liver cell types > enables restoration of hepatic mass within 8-15 DAYS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs immediately after partial hepatectomy?

A

Dramatic change in hemodynamics (due to same volume of blood through 1/3 of tissue), AKA sheer stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two things lead to the stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation?

A

Hypoglycemia and sheer stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What changes occur within minutes of partial hepatectomy?

A

changes in gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the baseline of Hepatocyte Injury, Repair and Death?

A

Hepatocytes undergo degenerative changes that may be reversible or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of reversible Hepatocyte Injury

A

accumulation of fat, steatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two examples of when Hepatocyte Injury is not reversible?

A

hepatocytes die by two mechanisms, necrosis or apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hepatocyte necrosis?

A

predom mode of death in ischemic/hypoxic injury > significant to oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hepatocyte apoptosis

A

predom mode of death in acute and chronic hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main type of cell involved in scar deposition?

A

Hepatic stellate cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

A

the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes (steatosis) > in the absence of alcohol intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the spectrum of NAFLD entail?

A

simple steatosis (NAFL) to NASH steatosis with inflammation and hepatocyte injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Canada?

A

NAFLD as it affects 25% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage of people does NASH occur in if they have NAFLD?

A

20% of people with NAFLD > can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What syndrome is most commonly associated with NAFLD?

A

metabolic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

clinical features linked to visceral obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is included in metabolic syndrome?

A

Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome?

A

NAFLD

24
Q

Where does normal blood sugar regulation usually take place?

A

Primarily in the myocyte

25
Q

Fasting state of the liver

A

gluconeogenesis > production of hepatic glucose > maintains blood glucose level

26
Q

Fed State of liver

A

glucose > enters Krebs > used for fatty acid biosynthesis

27
Q

What does insulin do in relation to normal glucose regulation in the liver?

A

inhibitor of hepatic glucose production > activator of glycolysis

28
Q

Why do fat laden myocytes not uptake glucose?

A

they are resistant to insulin

29
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue in the body?

A

it supplies a positive energy balance and stores triglycerides

30
Q

What occurs after the storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue?

A

there is an increase in free fatty acid > which is then released into circulation.

31
Q

What occurs when there are increased FFA uptake levels in the liver?

A

development of hepatic steatosis and inflammation

32
Q

What is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue and low-grade inflammation?

A

obesity

33
Q

What occurs after adipose tissue inflammation when cytokines and chemokines are secreted?

A

hepatocyte apoptosis and activation of stellate cells > scar tissue deposition

34
Q

What occurs if there is disruption in the Gut-liver axis?

A

changes to intestinal microbiota > altered intestinal permeability (leaky gut) > increased endotoxin levels

35
Q

What is Alcoholic Liver Disease?

A

excessive alcohol consumption > but shares many histological features as well as molecular and physiologic pathogenic mechs with NAFLD

36
Q

What is the relation between alcohol metabolism and generation of oxidative stress?

A

liver is the principle organ for alcohol metabolism > oxidation of ethanol = toxic metabolites.

37
Q

What leads to the inability of the liver to maintain redox homeostasis?

A

excessive drinking which leads to excessive NADH generation

38
Q

What will be promoted if there is a redox imbalance?

A

promotes hepatic steatosis

39
Q

Where do ALL changes in alcoholic liver disease begin?

A

Acinus zone 3 > then extend outward toward portal tracts with increase in severity

40
Q

How is fatty change reversible?

A

it is reversible if there is abstention from further intake of alcohol

41
Q

What is Alcoholic steatohepatitis?

A

hepatocyte swelling and necrosis > neutrophilic reaction > Mallory-Dank Bodies

42
Q

What is alcoholic steatofibrosis

A

the prominent activation of sinusoidal stellate cells and portal fibroblasts > leading to fibrosis

43
Q

What is alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

webs of scars that link portal tracts > condensed into central-portal fibrous septa > nodule diffusion on surface

44
Q

What is rare about alcoholic cirrhosis?

A

It is rare because there is no to little regression

45
Q

How are hepatic tumors noticed?

A

epigastric fullness and discomfort/routine physical examination/radiographic

46
Q

What are examples of benign hepatic tumors?

A

Hemangioma and Hepatocellular Adenoma

47
Q

What are examples of Malignant tumors

A

Hepatoblastoma and Hepatocellular carcinoma

48
Q

What are hepatoocellular Adenoma

A

Benign neoplasm developing from hepatocytes

49
Q

What is hepatocellular adenoma associated with?

A

estrogen-containing oral contraceptives or androgen-containing steroid anabolic drugs

50
Q

What are hepatoblastomas?

A

most common liver tumor in early childhood > rarely occurring over age of 3

51
Q

What occurs in the tumor cells of Hepatoblastoma?

A

cells recapitulating the embryological stages of hepatic development

52
Q

What is the epithelial type of Hepatoblastoma?

A

fetal/small embryonal cells form structures vaguely > recapitulating liver development

53
Q

What is the mixed epithelial and mesenchymal type of Hepatoblastoma?

A

epithelial cell types + mesenchymal components like myofibroblastic

54
Q

What is Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

A

most common primary neoplasm in the liver > 85% of all primary liver malignant tumors > 5.4 % of all cancers

55
Q

What are the most common underlying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis?

A

Viral infections like HBV or HCV and toxic injuries

56
Q
A

Molecular and Cellular Pathology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions